Single-cut files

If the surface of the casting requires improvement a caustic. soila wash is recommended. All filing should be done with a single-cut file of the dreadnought pattern. 

Files are used to perform a wide variety of tasks, from simple removal of sharp edges to producing intricate shapes where the use of a machine is impracticable. They can be obtained in a variety of shapes and in lengths from 150 mm to 350 mm. When a file has a single series of teeth cut across its face it is known as single-cut fAe, and with two sets of teeth cut across its face it is known as double-cut fAe, Fig. 2.1. 

The flat file is also for general use, typically on flat surfaces. It is rectangular in cross-section and tapers in both width and thickness for approximately the last third of its length towards the point. Both faces are double-cut and both edges single-cut. The tapers in width and thickness enable this file to be used in slots which are narrower than its full width and thickness and which require filing on length and width. 

The round file is of circular cross-section, parallel for approximately two-thirds of its length and then tapering towards the point Second-cut and smooth files are single-cut, while the bastard is double-cut This file is used for enlarging round holes, elongating slots and finishing internal round corners. 

The half-round file has one flat and one curved side. It is parallel for approximately two-thirds of its length, then tapers in width and thickness towards the point. The flat side is double-cut and the curved side is single-cut on second-cut and smooth files. This is an extremely useful double-purpose file for flat surfaces and for curved surfaces too large for the round file. 

Best results are obtained when the most coarse file, consistent with the size of the surface and the finish required, is used. Milled curved-tooth files having coarse single-cut or double cut shear-type teeth are particularly suitable. Frequent brushing is recommended to prevent clogging. A rotary file or bur is excellent to remove material rapidly. Ground burs provide better chip clearance than hand cut rotary files and therefore are preferred. 

Not long ago, a poster consisted of 8-12 sheets of paper cut and pasted onto individual pieces of colored construction paper. Today, most institutions have plotters, which can print multicolored single-page posters (e.g., 3 ft X 5 ft or 0.91 m X 1.52 m) from software files (e.g., Microsoft PowerPoint or Adobe Illustrator). We assume that you have access to such plotters and software, and we present only single-page posters in this textbook. Such advances make it possible for even the first-time presenter to create professional quality posters. 

Glass can be cut by making a single scratch mark on it with a file or knife. The scratch is moistened with a drop of saliva, the scratch mark placed upward, and the tubing pulled apart with a slight downward bending motion. The bottom photograph in... 

After only a few more cycles of refinement the whole structure can be found. The final model corresponds to the file mero04.res. It should be mentioned that electron density maps of twinned structures at the beginning of refinement are not as clear-cut as those of normal single crystals. Often more intermediate steps are necessary to complete the stmcture. 

In SkyParams.xlsx the user defines the sky map to be created if no science input map is used. The first sheet in the file is the one that the simulator reads, so different configurations can be stored in the same file. The first option is the Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) if empty, a point source is created, if full, a Gaussian source is simulated with this FWHM. The user may input the source position in the sky at jc j)os and y j)os. If empty the simulator will display a sky grid where the user selects the position or a source by clicking on that position. Temp is for the temperature in Kelvin of a Blackbody spectrum, cut-on and cut-off will filter the Blackbody spectrum at the wavenumbers given at these parameters. For verification purposes, if the user inputs 1 the spectrum for that given source will be the one measured with the Cardiff-UCL FIRI testbed. If the user inputs 0 the spectrum will consist of a single wavenumber tone, defined at tone wl. 

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