Data banks, computerized

Computers and microprocessors Portable power for microprocessors and data banks, computerized portable weighing scales, portable paddles in stores for inventory of stock fed to computer. 

It is hoped that the improvements will help to achieve die objectives for which die text was originally conceived, i.e. to summarize in relatively basic terms die hazards associated with chemicals and how the ensuing risks can be controlled, and to provide sufficient detailed information to supplement that obtainable from suppliers, government publications, trade associations, and computerized data banks where recourse to specialized textbooks may be premature, difficult or unnecessary. 

Toxnet (Toxicology Data Network) is a computerized network of toxicologi-cally oriented data banks. Toxnet offers a sophisticated search and retrieval package that accesses the following three subfiles ... 

Computerized monitoring systems and information data banks are valuable tools for the modem water treatment company, but, for the most part, they are still not able to resolve customers problems, propose practical on-the-job solutions, and manage such changes as are necessary. Consequently,... 

Varna-Nair M and Wunderlich B, "Heat Capacity and other Thermodynamic Properties of Linear Macromolecules", X-Update of the ATHAS (i.e. Advanced Thermal Analysis) Data Bank, a computerized version of the data bank of heat capacities. 

A system, shown in Table I, has been devised consisting of nine categories, each with a number of keywords for a computerized search for multiple identical features from a data bank of international FFB literature. The so-called categories are represented by digit numbers ... 

Available literature was then review ed all known information on each of the 142 reactions was assembled in a computerized data bank. The report on this work will contain the following for each of the 142 reactions listed in the Appendix ... 

To address our efforts towards correlating the macroscopic-ally measured heat capacity data to their microscopic origin, the data base started in the 1960 s was updated and computerized about five years ago (.8). The data bank is now incorporated within ATHAS, Advanced Thermal Analysis, a laboratory for research and instruction. The data bank maintains a collection of more than 500 publications on heat capacities of polymers which includes all measurements ever reported. The publication list is updated every six months. From each publication the following information is retrieved ... 

In order to apply approaches and criteria of the kind described above, it is essential to have ready access to all the relevant information. This means that it is necessary to develop centralized data banks integrating data from environmental field studies with infcsmation from the literature in readily retrievable form to facilitate its use. It is also necessary to develop state and local registries of morbid events, especially in relation to sentinel diseases which are relatively rare and may be associated with exposure to potentially toxic chemicals in the environment. In addition, it is necessary to develop exposure-specific and site-specific registries of exposed populations and suitable control populations with provision for short-term monitoring and long-term follow up. This should be part of the general development of computerized data systems of births, deaths and... 

A collection of approximately 47,400 zeotropic and azeotropic data sets, compiled from 6600 references, are stored in a comprehensive computerized data bank (Reference 10). The references from the above-mentioned compilations and from the vapor-liquid equilibrium part of the Dortmund Data Bank (Reference 11) were supplemented by references found from CAS online searches, private communications, data from industry, etc.. Over 24,000 zeotropic data and over 20,000 azeotropic data are available for binary systems. Nearly 90% of the binary azeotropic data show a pressure maximum. In most cases (ca. 90%) these are homogeneous azeotropes, and in approximately 7-8% of the cases heterogeneous azeotropes are reported. Less than 10% of the data stored show a pressure minimum. Approximately 21,000 of the data sets stored were published after 1970. 

Experimental data necessary to describe this behavior are available in large computerized data bases (e.g. Dortmund Data Bank, DDB). A small part of the data is also published in data collections (Gmehhng et al., 1977 Sorensen et al., 1979 Gmehling et al, 1986 Gmehling et al., 1988 Gmehhng et al., 2004 ). Both routes allow the calculation of VLE (see Ghapter 3.2.2.1, Sections 3.2.2.1.1 and 3.2.2.1.2) for multicomponent systems when the behavior of the binary subsystems is known. 

Data banks are information retrieval systems, providing the user on request with information on certain subjects, or with problems of a certain kind. Thus, the programs of the previous chapter may be categorized as data banks. Requests may be in natiual language ( Why did Nero play the violin ) or in some kind of code ( C22—I—A1 D23 ), they may involve aspects e.g. in a computerized libreiry, see "The Techniques Used to Retrieve Information and Data from the Literature in this volume) they can be used in a batch mode or interactively, alone or imbedded in some regular course. Only the latter aspect is of interest in this article. 

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) [5] is a computerized archive for the three-dimensional structural data on biological macromolecules - proteins and nucleic acids. Each protein structure reported has an identifying code (IDCODE), a header record containing useful information on the protein such as the name and source of the protein and the resolution of the structure, together with a series of references to published articles on the protein. Data are included on the refinement methods used, such as the programs used, the R value, the number of Bragg reflections, the root-mean-square deviations of the bond lengths and... 

Review of other toxicology data available to the Unit (journal articles, unit studies, computerized national data banks, texts, etc.) ... 

Table 3.1 contains coefficients of the above listed property equations for selected liquids and Table 3.2 for gases. These data can be found in specialized books (e.g., Reid et al., 1987 Yaws, 1999) and computerized data banks for other liquids and gases. 

Onken U, Rarey-Nies J, Gmehling J (1989) The Dortmund data bank a computerized system for retrieval, correlation, and prediction of thermodynamic properties of mixtures. J Int J Thermophys 10(3) 739-747... 

This section introduces the behavior and response of both unreinforced and reinforced plastics under loads lasting usually only a few seconds or minutes up to a maximum of fifteen minutes. Such short-term tests are used to define the basic or reference designing and engineering properties of conventional materials. Such properties as tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength (the modulus of rupture), shear strength, and associated elastic moduli are often shown on the data sheets provided by suppliers of plastic materials and are in computerized data banks. The influence of such factors as time, temperature, additives and reinforcements, and molecular orientation on the basic behavior of these properties is discussed in turn [1, 2, 10-14, 62-68, 245-87]. 

One of the problems with data banks is that they primarily hold failure data. Failure data are very important to understand how and when a piece of equipment can fail, but they do not necessarily teU us whether the equipment is safe or not. System safety analysis cannot be totally computerized anymore than designing a bridge can. We can put a lot of structural analysis tools (e.g., finite-element analysis) online, but the pure creativity of designing a bridge still has not been fully automated. 

Computers have greatly reduced the effort and increased the calculation speed. They easily produce the necessary repetitive evaluations required to satisfy simultaneously the material and heat balances and equilibrium relationships. In computerized calculations, the selection of the equation of state influences the number of calculated theoretical stages required. Each equation of state was developed primarily from a specific data bank that usually was confined to a certain type of compound. As an example, the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state was developed from experimental data on methane through n-heptane [8]. This equation is preferred to generate K values for these light hydrocarbons. The equation of state specified for the calculations should be the one based on data for compotmds most closely resembling those being separated. 

Mass spectrometry is particularly useful for the identification of specific organic pollutants. It depends upon the production of ions by an electrical discharge or chemical process, followed by separation based on the charge-to-mass ratio and measurement of the ions produced. The output of a mass spectrometer is a mass spectrum, such as the one shown in Figure 25.12. A mass spectrum is characteristic of a compound and serves to identify it. Computerized data banks for mass spectra have been established and are stored in computers interfaced with mass spectrometers. Identification of a mass spectrum depends upon the purity of the compound from which the spectrum is taken. Prior separation by gas... 

---