Darmstadt, Germany

February 9,1996 at 10 37 pm, at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany a team of scientists discovered their sixth element. This element has the atomic number 112 and is currently the heaviest element ever produced by man. It has an atomic mass of 277. 

Historically, the development of the acrylates proceeded slowly they first received serious attention from Otto Rohm. AcryUc acid (propenoic acid) was first prepared by the air oxidation of acrolein in 1843 (1,2). Methyl and ethyl acrylate were prepared in 1873, but were not observed to polymerize at that time (3). In 1880 poly(methyl acrylate) was reported by G. W. A. Kahlbaum, who noted that on dry distillation up to 320°C the polymer did not depolymerize (4). Rohm observed the remarkable properties of acryUc polymers while preparing for his doctoral dissertation in 1901 however, a quarter of a century elapsed before he was able to translate his observations into commercial reaUty. He obtained a U.S. patent on the sulfur vulcanization of acrylates in 1912 (5). Based on the continuing work in Rohm s laboratory, the first limited production of acrylates began in 1927 by the Rohm and Haas Company in Darmstadt, Germany (6). Use of this class of compounds has grown from that time to a total U.S. consumption in 1989 of approximately 400,000 metric tons. Total worldwide consumption is probably twice that. 

Technical Informationsfor Crop Protection, E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, 1964. 

These data together with those from wastewater treatment plants at Darmstadt, Germany Gothenburg and Stockholm, Sweden and Noord-Brabant, the Netherlands, show that the concentrations of DEHP, and in some cases total phthalates, entering wastewater treatment plants vary from 1 to 167 )-lg/L. After treatment the concentrations range from <1 to 36.8 )-lg/L. 

H. Hanke and C. Levia, Influence of Winter Road Maintenance on Traffic Safety and Transport Efficieny, Hessisches Landesamt fiir Strabenbau, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany, 1988. 

Darmstadt Technical University, Chemical Analytics, Germany Materials and Earth Sciences, Petersenstr. 23, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany -Darmstadt Technical University, Thin Films, Germany... 

In 1901 Otto Rohm reported on his studies of acrylic polymers for his doctoral dissertation. His interest in these materials, however, did not cease at this stage and eventually in 1927 the Rohm and Hass concern at Darmstadt, Germany commenced limited production of poly(methyl acrylate) under the trade names... 

STOE and CIE GmbH Hilpertsm 10 64295 Darmstadt Germany www.stoe.com... 

In this stage of the investigation, poly(methyl methacrylates) (PMMAs) were selected as the polymeric probes of intermediate polarity. Polymers of medium broad molar mass distribution and of low tacticity (14) were a gift of Dr. W. Wunderlich of Rohm Co., Darmstadt, Germany. Their molar masses ranged from 1.6 X 10" to 6.13 X 10 g-mol. For some comparative tests, narrow polystyrene standards from Pressure Co. (Pittsburgh, PA) were used. 

Elements beyond 103 are expected to be 6d elements forming a fourth transition series, and attempts to synthesize them have continued during the past thirty years. All 10 (including, of course, actinium) are now known and are discussed in the section on transactinide elements on p. 1280. The work has required the dedicated commitment of extensive national facilities and has been carried out at the Lawrence-Berkeley Laboratories, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, and the Heavy-Ion Research Centre (GSI) at Darmstadt, Germany. 

R)- and (S)-2-I Iydroxy-1.2,2-triphenylcthyl acetate are commercially available from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany and from Newport Pharmaceuticals, Ireland. The (R)-enantiomer is also available from Fluka and Chiron. 

TA Oncology, Merck Serono Research, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany... 

Magnesium turnings were purchased from E. Merck Company, Inc., Darmstadt, Germany or J. T. Baker Chemical Company. 

Technische Universitat Darmstadt Institut fiir Chemie und Biochemie PetersenstraEe 22 64287 Darmstadt Germany... 

Analytical-grade (pro analyst) sodium cyanide was purchased by the submitters from Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, and dried for 24 hours in a vacuum desiccator containing potassium hydroxide pellets. The checkers obtained sodium cyanide from Fisher Scientific Company and dried the reagent in the same manner. 

The submitters used Activity I (Brockmann) Camag alumina, which was purchased from Hopkins and Williams. The checkers used comparable material obtained from E. Merck Darmstadt, Germany. 

Adamantanol is available from the following three suppliers Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Fluka AG, Buchs, Switzerland E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. It may also be prepared from adamantane by bromination to 1-bromoadamantane and hydrolysis. Adamantane is sold by the same three suppliers. 

The submitters purchased trifluoroacetic acid from Prolabo, Paris, France, or E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, and distilled it from phosphorous pentoxide. This-reagent is also available from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., and J. T. Baker Chemical... 

Silica gel 60 having particle sizes ranging from 0.063 to 0.200 mm. (70-230 mesh) is suitable. It may be purchased from Brinkmann Instruments, Inc., or E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany. The submitters report that silica gel of this type normally contains ca. 5% water, which may be removed by drying at 300° for several hours. Somewhat better yields are obtained when the silica gel is dried in this manner before use. 

As previously described, Eq. 6 contains two constants characteristic of the system and the sample, feo and S, which can be determined by two chromatographic mns differing only in tc. These two values allow to calculate log fe using Eq. 4. However, because there is no empirical solution, values of log few and S have to be computed by iteration. Such procedures are included in several commercially available LC software packages, such as Drylab (Rheodyne, CA, USA), Chromsword (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), ACD/LC simulator (Advanced Chemical Development, Toronto, Canada) or Osiris (Datalys, Grenoble, Erance). This approach was comprehensively described and successfully applied for accurate log P determination of several solutes with diverse chemical structures [9, 12, 43, 50]. 

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