Damage Classification

Damage to structures or objects above ground can be divided into three categories  

Severe damage. A degree of damage that precludes further ijse of the structure or object for its intended purpose, without essentially complete reconstruction. For a structure or building, collapse is generally implied. 

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Earthquake Damage Assessment from VHR Data Case Studies, Fig. 3 Damage classification levels map obtained from IKONOS-2 post-seismic image (From Saito et al. 2004)... 

Possibility of unexpected events in data. Unless the inspection occurs in well controlled environment, there is always a possibility of occurrence of unexpected events in data. These can be caused e.g. by previously unseen type of damage. Amount of unexpected data is reduced if inspection is done periodically. An experienced operator can usually correctly interpret unexpected data, but some automatic classification systems may fail and raisclassify the data. 

Sieving Methods and Classification Sieving is probably the most frequently used and abused method of analysis because the equipment, an ytical procedure, and basic concepts are deceptively simple. In sieving, the particles are presented to equal-size apertures that constitute a series of go-no-go gauges. Sieve analysis presents three major difficulties (1) with woven-wire sieves, the weaving process produces three-dimensional apertures with considerable tolerances, particularly for fine-woven mesh (2) the mesh is easily damaged in use (3) the particles must be efficiently presented to the sieve apertures. 

Quantitative Fire and Explosion Index (FExplosion Index Hazard Classification Guide, 1994 Lees, 1980, pp. 149-160). The F EI is used to rate the potential of hazard from fires and explosions. Its purpose is to quantify damage from an incident. It identifies equipment that could contribute to an incident and ways to mitigate possible incidents. It is a way to communicate to management the quantitative hazard potential. 

All important factor in assessing tlie causes and effects of fires is tlie beluivior of a fire s flmne. Knowledge of a flame s spreading rate and heat intensity can reduce fire liazard potentials and fire damage. The classifications of flame behavior are ... 

Having discussed tlie fundamental cliaracteristics of fires in general and tlie different types of fire, we now e.xamine more closely fire accidents tliat occur in process pkuits. Specifically, we review plant fire classifications, sources, causes, damage potentials, and detection and protection systems. 

Accident frequencies were evaluated separately for the two types of activity mainline transit and rail yard classification. When an accident occurs and the tank car is damaged, the severity of public exposure depends on several factors, including tlie likelihood of a breach in tlie tank car, the severity level of tlie release (i.e., tlie rale or volume of spillage), the likelihood of an explosion, tlie magnitude of tlie explosion, and die dispersion pattern of the unignited vapors. Recall tliat Part II of tliis book deals witli explosions and tlieir effects Part III treats tliis subject of dispersion. Table 21.3.1 smnmarizes tlie transportation risk data for tlie mainline and rail yard segments of tlie tank car journey. 

The chemistry, and hence hazards, of hot, or radioactive, elements parallels that of their cold isotopes. However, the radiation poses additional toxicity hazards. A qualitative classification of selected isotopes in terms of their toxicity is given in Table 10.2. The biological effects of ionizing radiation stem mainly from damage to individual cells following ionization of the water content. Oxidizing species, e.g. hydrogen peroxide. 

TABLE 19-1. Child-Pugh and MELD Classifications for Determining Severity of Liver Damage... 

The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) developed a classification system for CKD (Table 23-11.1 The staging system defines the stages of CKD based on GFR level, but also accounts for evidence of kidney damage in the absence of changes in GFR, as in stage 1 CKD. The GFR is calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation ... 

Dows Fire b- Explosion Index Hazard Classification Guide, 7th ed. (AIChE, New York, 1994), which gives an empirical radius of exposure and damage factor based on the quantity and characteristics of the material being stored and handled... 

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