Dahlia, inulin

Inulase (C) Peptide hydrolases Yeast, artichokes, Dahlia Inulin Fructose... 

Oiwa, H., Naganuma, M., and Ohnuma, S., Acetone-butanol production from dahlia inulin by Clostridium pasteurianum var. 1-53, Agric. Biol. Chem., 51, 2819-2820, 1987. 

Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 produces acetone (90 mM), butanol (135 mM), and a low level of ethanol in a mineral salts medium with 12.5 % (w/v) of glucose (Harris et al. 1986). In media containing 3.5 % (w/v) or less of glucose, C. pasteurianum produced only low levels of butanol and little or no acetone (George et al. 1983 Harris et al. 1986 Dabrock et al. 1992). A newly isolated strain of C. pasteurianum produced acetone and butanol from 3 % dahlia inulin (Oiwa et al. 1987). Clostridium pasteurianum produces butanol, 1,3-propanediol, and ethanol from glycerol (Nakas et al. 1983 Heyndrickx et al. 1991 Dabrock etal. 1992). 

In nature, fmctose (levulose, fmit sugar) is the main sugar in many fmits and vegetables. Honey contains ca 50 wt % fmctose on a dry basis. Sucrose is composed of one unit each of fmctose and dextrose combined to form the disaccharide. Fmctose exists in polymeric form as inulin in plants such as Jemsalem artichokes, chicory, dahlias, and dandeHons, and is Hberated by treatment with acid or enzyme. 

A procedure that is described by Tollens and Eisner4 is probably suitable for materials less pure than fresh dahlia juices. The juice is expressed in the presence of calcium carbonate, fermented at 25° with baker s yeast, defecated with lead acetate and filtered. After removal of the excess lead with hydrogen sulfide, the filtrate is frozen and thawed to cause the separation of inulin. 

Fructans are polysaccharides composed of o-fructofuranose units. They are important in short-term energy reserves for grasses and some plants. Inulin, found in dahlias, and levans from grasses are examples of fructans. Levans are short linear polysaccharides composed of (3 2 1 linked fructose units as illustrated in structure 9.21. 

Crystals (or amorphous substances) are also formed in living bodies as a result of biological activities to act as a reservoir for necessary components (for example, amorphous silica in grass cells, and calcium oxalate or inuline crystals in dahlias and begonias), or crystals are formed by excretion processes or due to illness (for... 

Figure 14.6. Crystals formed in plant cells, (a) Calcium oxalate in begonias, (b) Inuline in dahlias.

InuUn. This is a white solid, soluble in warm water, specific rotatory power -40°. with iodine in alcohol or potassium iodide gives yellow color. Inulin is present in tubers of dahlia to the extent of about 10%. Inulin reacts with water in the presence of the enzyme inulase or or acids to form fructose. The enzyme diastase does not produce this change. 

Dahlia tubers, inulin from, II, 254 Dambonitol, III, 46 Damson gum, I, 343 IV, 246, 247 structure of, IV, 253 blood group activity of, IV, 50, 52 Deamination, mechanism of, II, 62 Degradation, of acylated nitriles of al-donic acids, IV, 119-151 of aldonic acids, III, 149 of aldose sugars, I, 254 enzymatic, of starch and glycogen, III, 251-310... 

Drent, W.J. and Gottschal, J.C., Fermentation of inulin by a new strain of Clostridium thermoautotrophicum isolated from dahlia tubers, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 78, 285-292, 1991. 

Inulin (Alant Starch, Dahlin, Alantin). (C6H10Os)6 H20, mw 990.86. White, hygroscopic powder or horny amorphous lumps mp 178° (decomposes beginning at 160°), d 1.35-1.4 at 20°/4°. SI sol in cold w, sol in hot w si sol in ale. May be obtained from the bulbs of Dahlia variabilis or other plants. On nitration, it gives an explosive compound... 

Inulin, similar to starch and found in certain plants, especially in the tubers of the Dahlia. 

Inulin.— Inulin is found in certain plants, especially in the tubers of the Dahlia. It is isomeric with the other poly-saccharoses and is also a reserve food material. It is a white powder soluble in water. It is leva rotatory and gives no color with iodine. It is not hydrolyzed by diastase but by a particular enzyme known as inulase. Its peculiar characteristic is that by acid hydrolysis it yields only fructose. 

Polysaccharides that exclusively contain D-fructose are known as fructans and there are two known kinds, inulin and levan. Inulin is a polysaccharide containing -D-fructofuranose linked (2 1) [118]. Inulins are found in the roots and tubers of the family of plants known as the Compositae, which includes asters, dandelions, dahlias, cosmos, burdock, goldenrod, chicory, lettuce, and Jerusalem artichokes. Other sources are from the Liliacae family, which includes lily bulbs, onion, hyacinth, and tulip bulbs. Inulins are also produced by certain species of algae [119]. Several bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutans also produce an extracellular inulin from sucrose [120]. 

Fructans occur naturally, are predominantly found in plants, fungi, and are produced extra-cellularly by bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans [13]. Plants are the most likely source of inulin for the production of material to be incorporated into foodstuffs due to its abundance in plants and also from a safety perspective. Inulin is found in the tubers and roots of the plant family Compositae which includes aster, dandelion, dahlias, comos, burdock, goldenrod, chicory, lettuce, and Jerusalem artichoke [14,15]. Van Loo et al. [16] identified the quantity of inulin in various plants as well as their degree of polymerization (O Table 3). An extensive review of occurrence and distribution of fructans in nature is provided [16,17,18]. 

Inulin is extracted from the tubers of Dahlia variabilis, Helianthus, in a procedure similar to the extraction of sugar from sugar beet. 

For a long time, the inulin-containing Dahlia tuber was the most valuable source for the manufacture of D-fructose, but other important materials have become available through the cultivation of Jerusalem artichoke, " ... 

Inulin, Dahlin alantin alant starch. Mol wt approx 5000. Polysaccharide of Compositae which partially or completely replaces starch as a reserve food. Isoln from dahlia tubers McDonald, "Polyfructosans and Difructose Anhydrides" in Advan. Carbohyd. Chem. vol. 2, 254 (1946) from Jerusalem artichoke tubers Bacon, Edelman, Biochem. J. 48, 114 (1951). Structure E. G. V. Percival. Structural Carbohydrate Chemistry (J. Garnet Miller, London, 2nd ed., 1962) p 274. 

Fructose is produced commercially by the hydrolysis of beet sugar or inulin, a polysaccharide found in the roots of a number of plants, including dahlias, Jerusalem artichokes, and chicory. Hydrolysis is the process by which a material is broken down into simpler elements by reacting it with... 

Levulose is a product of the hydrolysis of a number of carbohydrates. Cane sugar yields dextrose and levulose, and raflS-nose, a trisaccharide, yields levulose, dextrose, and galactose. Levulose is best prepared by hydrolyzing with dilute sulphuric acid inulin, a polysaccharide which occurs in dahlia tubers — (CeHioOs) + XU2O = xCeRuOs... 

Inulin, (CeHioOs) , is a starch-like substance which occurs in the roots of the dandelion and chicory, in the tubers of the potato and dahlia, in certain lichens, and in other vegetable substances. Inulin is a white powder, composed of minute spheres it is slightly soluble in cold water, and very soluble in hot water. An aqueous solution of inulin does not form a jelly, is not colored by iodine, is not fermentable, and is not affected by diastase. It is levorotatory, [o ]d = —36.6°. 

Inulin a high molecular mass vegetable reserve carbohydrate, [ajp -40°, m.p. 178 °C I. is a fructan consisting of 20-30 p-l,2-linked fructofuranose units. Probably the non-reducing end of the chain terminates with glucose. I. is found as a reserve substance in the tubers and roots of many members of the Com-positae, like dahlia and Jerusalem artichoke tubers. It is used in food for diabetics. 

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