Woven 3-D fabrics

For typical 3-D woven fabrics, the misalignment angle can be assumed to be normally distributed with mean equal to zero and a standard deviation around 5—6° [24]. 

Fiber reinforced thermosetting polymer composites have been used in the form of laminate, sandwich, grid stiffened, stitched, Z-pinned, three-dimensional (3-D) woven fabric, and hybrid structures. In addition to carrying the designed static/dynamic loads, most composite stmcmres experience some kind of low or high velocity impact incidents during their life cycle. A low velocity impact is not uncommon. For example, dropping a tool on to a composite stmcmre... 

As compared to laminated composite, there is no doubt that the impact tolerance of the 3-D woven fabric reinforced polymer composite has been enhanced dramatically due to the 3-D network structme and the improved transverse shear resistance. However, it is clear that even repeated low velocity impact can cause significant damage. Therefore, tike laminated composite and sandwich composite, 3-D woven fabric reinforced polymer composite also calls for self-healing capabilities. 

Figure 1.5 Perforation in a 3-D woven fabric reinforced polymer composite after repeated low velocity impact. Source [39] Reproduced with permission from lOP Publishing...

Next, we will present applications of the CTH scheme in several real-world composite stractures. They arc fiber reinforced syntactic foam cored sandwich structures, sandwich stractures with a continuous fiber reinforced grid stiffened syntactic foam core, and 3-D woven fabric reinforced polymer composite structures. Of course, the core or the polymer composite is based on the same thermosetting PSMP as discussed above. 

The only new raw material in this study was the 3-D woven fabric. In this study, 3-D E-glass woven fabric from Parabeam-Netherlands (thickness of 12.7 mm, aerial density of 1.6kg/m, and compressive yield strength of 3.7 MPa) was used. The schematic fabric architecture and detailed fiber woven after impact damage are shown in Figure 6.54. 

Fabrication of 3-D Woven Fabric Reinforced Foam Panel... 

The 3-D woven fabric reinforced foam composite panel was fabricated in a steel mold using a gravity assisted method by impregnating the 3-D woven fabric with the uncured foam. The... 

D Woven Fabric Reinforced Composite Panel Programming... 

Bogdanovich A, Singletary J, Yushanov S, 3-D woven fabric preforms and composites, experimental characterization and predictive analysis. Proceedings, TexComp-5, Leuven, Sep 18-20, 2000. 

Bogdanovich, A.E., Singletary, J.N., 2000. Ballistic performance and applications of 3-D woven fabrics and composites. In Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM9, Brighton, UK. 

FIGURE 7.5 (a) Schematic of 3-D woven fabric incorporating very fine CNT yam as through thickness (Z) reinforcement (b) Schematic of square 3-D braided hybrid preform with large axial fiber bundles and very fine CNT off-axis braided yams... 

There is a wide range of computer programs to visualize and analyze textile structures. Typical examples are TexGen (2013), an open-source software developed at Nottingham University, and WiseTex (2013), a program of KU Leuven. Figure 14.24 depicts a typical example for a 3-D woven fabric. 

Figure 14.24 3-D woven fabric visualized with TexGen...

Figure 14.25 3-D woven fabric analyzed with Abaqus (2013) to determine its deformation behavior...

---