D process

The Huron-Dow Process. The Huron-Dow (H-D) process is a refinement of the cathodic reduction of oxygen in an alkaline electrolyte yielding low strength hydrogen peroxide directiy. Earlier attempts reHed on neutralizing the excess caustic or forming insoluble metal peroxides (92). The two reactions involved are... 

A key portion of the SHOP process is the isomerization—disproportionation (I/D) process in which excess light (C —C q) and heavy olefins (Cjg ) are converted to detergent range odd and even linear internal olefins. Eor each pass through this system, only 10—15% of the olefins fed are... 

In the decade from 1985 to 1995, numerous broad-based studies showed general agreement on a limited set of best R D practices that have the greatest positive impact (92—98). Taken together, these studies provide a priority listing of the top nine R D processes and practices. 

Current Trends. Many current trends will most likely intensify. Company resources devoted to R D will grow increasingly precious. Those involved in the R D process will have to find even more ways to work smarter, lower costs, and get mote done with less (103). "How much R D " will be asked on a regular basis. 

A proprietary tetrachromate bath has been used in Germany under the name of the D process. By the use of additions of magnesium oxide and sodium tungstate it is claimed that the current efficiency of the bath can be raised to as high as 35-40%. Other additives such as indium sulphate, sodium selenate or sodium hexavanadate enable bright deposits to be obtained. 

Kern, D., Process Heat Transfer . McGraw Hill, New York, 1950, p. 717. 

Umpleby J.D., Process of preparation of thermoplastic elastomers, US Patent 4803224, 1989. 

IMPROVING THE PHARMACEUTICAL R D PROCESS HOW SIMULATION CAN SUPPORT MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING... 

Performance across multiple parallel projects, which amounts to improving the R D process... 

Managing risk—project managers planning research tasks need to identify the most important outstanding sources of uncertainty and work out which most need resolution at any given point in the R D process. 

The visualization of trade-offs involving risk and uncertainty is clearly one such powerful aid to insight. Questions frequently encountered are Where should in silico and other predictive technologies best be applied within the R D process What workflows involving such technologies add most value What should be the approach to selecting cutoffs ... 

Bayesian networks for multivariate reasoning about cause and effect within R D with a flow bottleneck model (Fig. 11.6) to help combine scientific and economic aspects of decision making. This model can, where research process decisions affect potential candidate value, further incorporate simple estimation of how the candidate value varies based on the target product profile. Factors such as ease of dosing in this profile can then be causally linked to the relevant predictors within the research process (e.g., bioavailability), to model the value of the predictive methods that might be used and to perform sensitivity analysis of how R D process choices affect the expected added... 

One challenge in applying this approach, which relies on prior estimates of method prediction reliability, is how to deal with differences between future compounds to be tested and the universe of all compounds on which the collected experience of R D process effectiveness has been based. If new active compounds fall within the space previously sampled, then knowledge of chemical properties is just another kind of conditioning within a Bayesian network if they fall outside this space, then the initial model of both outcomes and predictions has an unpredictable error. The use of sampling theory and models of diversity [16] are therefore promising extensions of the above approach. 

The mechanism allows for a slow step analogous to the d process observed in... 

Mestrelab have a product called MestReNova which performs 1-D and 2-D processing. These products are focused on data processing and so tend to be a little less daunting than the spectrometer software. 

Verduijn, W. D., Process Safety Progress, 1996, 15(2), 89 Verduijn, W. D. Ammonia Plant Safety, 1996... 

If products under patent are exempted from the RP system, do the negative effects on the R D of the pharmaceutical sector disappear The exclusion of medicines with a current patent may reduce the economic erosion of the rights granted by the patent, and also the disincentive to invest in R D. But negative effects on innovation are not totally eradicated, as (a) RP increases the uncertainty on the expected return on the investment, (b) incentives for innovation will be damaged due to the fact that the R D process is a joint production process, since the overall return is reduced when RP is applied, and (c) the exclusion of patented products has proved to be only partial in some cases (for example, not excluding drags under a process patent). 

Woodall-Duckham Also called the Babcock W-D process. A process for recovering hydrochloric acid and metal oxides from spent metal chloride solutions, such as those obtained from metal pickling and ilmenite beneficiation. The liquor is first concentrated by evaporation, and then atomized in a heated spray-tower. Water evaporates from the droplets in the upper part of the tower, and chlorides are converted to oxides in the hotter, lower part. Developed by Woodall-Duckham in the 1960s by 1992, over 150 installations were in use worldwide. Now offered by Babcock Woodall-Duckham, United Kingdom. 

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