D-camphene

Acorns calamus L. var. angustatus Besser A. gramineus Ait. A. tatarinowii L. Chang Pu (Sweet flag) (leaf, root) Acoric acid, beta-asarone, yellow bitter aromatic volatile oil, alpha-pinene, d-camphene, calamene, calamenol, calamenone.50,357-450 Anticonvulsant, analgesic, aphrodisiac, carminative, contraceptive, dessicant, diaphoretic. 

N.A. Safrole, myristicin, lauric acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, hexadecenoic acid, linoleic acid, d-camphene.98-130 For diarrhea, dysentery, vomiting, abdominal distention, indigestion, and colic. 

Camphene is a solid terpene. The dextro variety d-camphene is found in camphor, ginger and spike oils, and the levo variety, 1-camphene is in citrondla and valerian oil and in French and American turpentine. Bornylene does not occur in nature but has been prepared from the alcohol corresponding to it known as Borneol or Borneo camphor. This, as previously stated, may be prepared from pinene so that Bornylene itself may be made from pinene. Fenchene, also, is not found in nature but is obtained by reduction of fenchone a terpene ketone found in fennel oil and in Thuja oil. 

Oil df Cypress. Volatile oil from leaves and young branches of Cupressus sempervirens L, Pinaceae. Constit Furfural, d-pinene, d-camphene, cymene, d-terpineol, /-cedinene, sylvestrene, cypress camphor. 

Oil of Ginger. Volatile oil from the rhizome Zrngi-ber officinale Roscoc, Zingiberaceae. Constit f-Zingiberene. d-camphene, phellandrene, bomeol, cineol, citral. 

Oil of Spike, Volatile oil from leaves and tops of Lavandula spica L. (L. latifolia Vi]l,). Labiatae, Constit. About 35% eucalyptol camphor linalool homed, terpineol, d-camphene, sesquiterpene. 

Pinene forms with one molecule of dry hydrogen chloride, an addition-product, which is called artificial camphor (m.p. 125°) on account of the fact that it resembles camphor in appearance and odor. When this compound is heated with alcoholic potash or with a mixture of anhydrous sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid, hydrogen chloride is eliminated and camphene, an isomer of pinene, is formed. Camphene, the structure of which is not known, melts at 50° it is converted into camphor CioHieO (649) when oxidized with chromic acid. d-Camphene is found in ginger Z-camphene, in turpentine and in citronella and other essential oils. 

Phytochemistry Fresh branches contain 0.45-0.75 % essential oils with d-pinene, d-camphene, myrcene, cedrene, and other sesqueterpenes. The bark, young branches, and umipe fruits contain 7-8 % tannins. Ripe fruits contain yellow pigments and up to 18.6 % sugar. Leaf samples from Tajikistan contained 120-140 mg% vitamin C (Khalmatov et al. 1984). A variety of compounds, including diterpenes and sesquiterpenes, has been isolated from the dried fruits (Okasaka et al. 2006). 

The oil contains d-a-pinene, d-camphene, terpinyl esters, a sesquiterpene, cedrol, and alcohols which have been investigated by Schimmel Co.> with the following results —... 

It contains 30 per cent, of d-camphor, 17 per cent, of d-camphene, cineol, an ester of cinnamic acid, a sesquiterpene, a high boiling phenol, and probably limonene. 

Berthdot s researches on the terpenes and camphor were important from the point of view of classification and he discovered some new compounds. He distinguished d- and /-pinene, calling them australene and terebentene, and d-, /-, and d/-camphene, the last obtained by removing hydrogen chloride from pinene hydrochloride (bomyl chloride his camphene is now called bomylene). Berthelot used only the hydrochlorides to characterise the various pinenes. He... 

Chlorinated Terpenes. A group of incompletely characterized insecticidal compounds has been produced by the chlorination of the naturally occurring terpenes. Toxaphene [8001-35-2] is prepared by the chlorination of the bicycHc terpene, camphene [79-92-5] to contain 67—69% chlorine and has the empirical formula C QH QClg. The technical product is a yellowish, semicrystalline gum (mp 65—90°C, d 1.64) and is a mixture of 175 polychloro... 

The dehydration of d-2-endo- and i-2-ca o-bornanols was studied by Watanabe et al. (73) at 275° using an acidic alumina and the same alumina modified by the introduction of piperidine to the hydrocarbon solution of the bornanols. Under nonacidic conditions of dehydration, 2-exo-bornanol formed 4.3% tricyclene, 95.2% camphene, and 0.5% camphor. 2-ewdo-Bornanol under similar conditions formed 12.5% tricyclene and 86.5% camphene. 

Anethum graveoleus L. Shi Luo (Dill) (fruit, young shoot) Essential oils, d-carvone, dillapiole, limonene, bergapten, umbelliprenin, camphene, dihydrocarvone, dillapiole, dipentene, isomyristicin 48-50 Carminative, stimulant. 

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. D. camphora Colebr. Loan Now Xiang (Borneo camphor) (kernel of the fruit) Bomeol, camphene, terpineol, sesquiterpene.60 This herb is toxic. A tonic and aphrodisiac, cataracts, reduce swelling. Externally for mucous membrane of the nose, eye, throat, and on piles. 

Elettaria cardamomum Maton. Yi Zhi Zi (Cluster cardamom) (seed) Phytosterol, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, p-cymene, camphene, d-limonene, myrcene, alpha-phellandrene, pinene, sabinene, terpinene, thujone, cineole, camphorm citral, linalol, citronellal, dl-bomeol, citronellol, geraniol, terpineol, sabinene.50 Carminative, emmenagogue, stimulant, stomachic, tonic. Treat ague, cachexia, dyspepsis, enuresis, gastralgia, nausea, spermatorrhea. 

Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) D. Don Luo Han Song (Southern yew) (stem bark, leaf, root, fruit) Pinene, camphene, cadinene, podocarpene, neocryuptomerin, kaurene, ecdysterone, ponasterone, makisterones, hinokiflavone, sciadopitysin, podocarpus flavones, macrephyllic acid, podototarin, totarol.54 For ringworms, blood disorders, tonic for heart, kidneys, lungs, stomach. 

Zingiber officinale Roscoe China Essential oils, zingiberol, zingiberene, phellandrene, camphene, citral, linalool, methylheptenone, nonylaldehyde, d-bomeol, gingerol.53 Anti-inflammatory, stimulates gastric secretion. 

China Valeriana altemifolia Bunge. V. amurensis R Smira. ex Kom. V. fauriei Briq. V.fauriei Briq. var. dasycarpa V. subbipinnatifolia A. Baranow Bomyl isovalerate, isovaleric acid, bomeol, camphene, pinene, d-terpineol, 1-limonene, pyrryl-a-methyl ketone, alpha-fenchene, myrcene, phellandrene, 1-caryophyllene, erpinene, terpinolene, eremophilene, selinene, cadinene, valerianol, valerenone, myrtenol, bisabolene, chatinine, caffeic acid.48 Antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, stimulant, sudorific, backache, cramps, influenza, nausea, numbness. 

Trimethylpentane 1-Heptene Di-isobutene Cyclohexane Methylcyclohexane Di-sec-amvlbenzene Naphthalene (m.p. 80) sec-Amylnaphthalene D i isopropylnaphthalene Di-sec-amylnaphthalene Camphene (m.p. 50) Paraffin wax (m.p. 53) Paraffinic oil... 

The presence of water was subsequently identified as being essential for the performance of the above set-up and for maintaining high enantiose-lectivity (Lindstrom et al., 1990). The preparative-scale enantiomeric separation of racemic camphene with a separation factor as high as a — 3.7 (measured at 30°C on an analytical column) was subsequently achieved at 45°C on a 2.1 m x 4 mm (i.d.) column containing a-cyclodextrin hydrate in formamide (1 5, w/w) coated on Chromosorb W (AW, 45-60 mesh) by saturating the carrier gas (helium) with water vapour (Lindstrom et al., 1990). 

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