Cytokines Granulocyte macrophage colony

Franzen R, Bouhy D, Schoenen J (2004) Nervous system injury Focus on the inflammatory cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor . Neurosci Lett 361 76-78. 

Marini, M., Vittori, E., Hollemborg, J. and Mattoli, S. (1992). Expression of the potent inflanunatory cytokines, granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, in bronchial epithelial cells of... 

Lindemann, A., Riedel, D., Oster, W., Ziegler-Heitbrock, H. W. L., Mertelsmann, R., Herrmann, F. (1989). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces cytokine secretion by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 1308-12. 

Alvaro-Gracia, J. M., Zvaifler, N. J., Brown, C. B., Kaushansky, K., Firestein, G. S. (1991). Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis VI. Analysis of the synovial cells involved in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production and gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis and its regulation by IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-a J. Immunol 146,3365-71. 

Lactoferrin has been shown to inhibit the production of proinflamma-tory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-a) as well as inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor reviewed by Hanson et al., 2003a Lonnerdal, 2003). The anti-inflammatory activity of lactoferrin is generally affribufed fo its ability to search out free iron, which is a pofenf oxidizer. 

Based on the finding that IL-2, IL-12, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can enhance the ADCC activities of effector cells (73), several trials have demonstrated improved activity of effector cells by administration of cytokines or growth factor (54,74). However,... 

P5. Peled, A., Gonzalo, J. A., Lloyd, C., and Gutierrez-Ramos, J. C., The chemotactic cytokine eotaxin acts as a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during lung inflammation. Blood 91,1909-1916 (1998). 

Several cytokine genes have been found to reduce tumors by stimulating localized inflammatory and/or immune responses. These include interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, interferon gamma (IFN-y), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). 

Noso, N., Sticherling, M., Bartels, J., Mallet, A. I., Christophers, E., and Schroder, J. M. (1996) Identification of an N-terminally truncated form of the chemokine RANTES and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as major eosinophil attractants released by cytokine-stimulate dermal fibroblasts. J. Immunol. 156, 1946-1953. 

Several cytokine receptors are present in prostate tumors and in prostate cancer cell lines. These include the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptors (GM-CSF-R) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSF-R) (R7, RIO, S4). The presence of interleukin receptors in the prostate tumor which bind interleukins such as IL-2, IL-3, and IL-6 may play a role in hormone-dependent as well as in hormone-refractory prostate cancer tumors (Cl3, R6). However, the importance of these receptors needs to be illuminated. 

Cytokine subfamily 2 includes proteins with heterodimeric a—(3 or ct-gpl30 receptors. Thus, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-GSF), IL-3 and IL-5 act via a—(3 receptors and share (3 receptors. Cardiotrophin-1 (GT-1), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CTNF), IL-6, IL-1, leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and oncostatin M (OSM) act via heterodimeric a-gpl30 receptors with a shared gpl30 receptor subunit. Leucocyte-derived cytokines of this family have immunomodulatory and haematopoietic effects. 

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