Curved sinusoidal curve

To optimize the bubble-vortex apparatus conducted experimental studies. The experiments were performed by a single method [1] of comparative tests on dust collectors bubble-vortex apparatus with a cylindrical chamber 0.6 m and a diameter of 0.2 and 0.4 m bubble-vortex machine with adjustable blades in accordance with Fig. 1 comprises a cylindrical chamber 1 inlet pipe 2. The cylindrical chamber 1 is three swirl gas flow, which is a four blades, curved sinusoidal curve. Adjusting the blades 2 is done by turning the eccentrics, sealed with a cylindrical chamber 1 through the spring washers and lock nuts. [2]... 

Pulsed-force mode AFM (PFM-AFM) is a method introduced for fast mapping of local stiffness and adliesion with lower required data storage than recording force-distance curves at each point on the x-y plane [115]. A sinusoidal or triangular modulation is applied between the tip and sample (either via lever or sample piezo) at a lower frequency than that of either the piezo or cantilever resonance frequency. Tip and sample then come... 

A tuning fork gives a pure tone, that is, a pressure variation represented by a sinusoid curve (Fig. 9.60). 

Sinus-kurve, -linie, /. sine curve, sinuskurvenartlg, a. sinusoidal, siphonieren, v.t. siphon. 

Figure 3, Typical GPC traces—(a) sinusoidal feed Curve 1, steady-state unperturbed flow Curve 2, oscillatory steady-state, (b) Square-wave feed Curve 3, steady-state unperturbed flow Curve 4, oscillatory steady-state.

Theory. If two or more fluorophores with different emission lifetimes contribute to the same broad, unresolved emission spectrum, their separate emission spectra often can be resolved by the technique of phase-resolved fluorometry. In this method the excitation light is modulated sinusoidally, usually in the radio-frequency range, and the emission is analyzed with a phase sensitive detector. The emission appears as a sinusoidally modulated signal, shifted in phase from the excitation modulation and partially demodulated by an amount dependent on the lifetime of the fluorophore excited state (5, Chapter 4). The detector phase can be adjusted to be exactly out-of-phase with the emission from any one fluorophore, so that the contribution to the total spectrum from that fluorophore is suppressed. For a sample with two fluorophores, suppressing the emission from one fluorophore leaves a spectrum caused only by the other, which then can be directly recorded. With more than two flurophores the problem is more complicated but a number of techniques for deconvoluting the complex emission curve have been developed making use of several modulation frequencies and measurement phase angles (79). 

Pandey et al. have used ultrasonic velocity measurement to study compatibility of EPDM and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) blends at various blend ratios and in the presence of compa-tibilizers, namely chloro-sulfonated polyethylene (CSM) and chlorinated polyethylene (CM) [22]. They used an ultrasonic interferometer to measure sound velocity in solutions of the mbbers and then-blends. A plot of ultrasonic velocity versus composition of the blends is given in Eigure 11.1. Whereas the solution of the neat blends exhibits a wavy curve (with rise and fall), the curves for blends with compatibihzers (CSM and CM) are hnear. They resemble the curves for free energy change versus composition, where sinusoidal curves in the middle represent immiscibility and upper and lower curves stand for miscibihty. Similar curves are obtained for solutions containing 2 and 5 wt% of the blends. These results were confirmed by measurements with atomic force microscopy (AEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis as shown in Eigures 11.2 and 11.3. Substantial earher work on binary and ternary blends, particularly using EPDM and nitrile mbber, has been reported. 

Figure 2.18 Different channel shapes for which flow distributions have been computed, a zigzag (upper left), a sinusoidally curved (upper right) and a converging-diverging channel (bottom).

In the articles cited above, the studies were restricted to steady-state flows, and steady-state solutions could be determined for the range of Reynolds numbers considered. Experimental work on flow and heat transfer in sinusoidally curved channels was conducted by Rush et al. [121]. Their results indicate heat-transfer enhancement and do not show evidence of a Nusselt number reduction in any range... 

Fig. 3.42 represents the symmetric bell shape curve of 7, i.e., the genuine fundamental harmonic ac polarogram, which means the curve of only 7F discriminated for 7C, e.g., by means of phase-selective ac polarography. The term "fundamental is related to the character of the polarographic cell as a non-linearized network whose response is not purely sinusoidal but consists of the sum of a series of sinusoidal signals at first harmonic (o>) response, besides that of the second harmonic (2a>), the third harmonic (3a>), etc. 

Fig. 3.47 is comparable to Fig. 3.41 for sinusoidal ac polarography if the tilted shape provides a net compensation of the charging current one obtains a symmetric bell-shaped curve of I in the square-wave polarogram, similar to that depicted in Fig. 3.42. In fact, virtually all of the statements made before on the sinusoidal technique are valid for the square-wave mode except for the rigid shape of its wave this conclusion is according to expectation, especially as Fourier analysis reveals the square wave to be a summation of a series of only...

The above considerations concern a reversible electrodic process, ox + ne red as instead of 20-100 hz in the sinusoidal technique a fixed frequency of 225 Hz is normally used in the square-wave mode, the chance of irreversibility in the latter becomes greater, which then appears as asymmetry of the bellshaped I curve. Such a phenomenon may occur more especially when the complete i versus E curve is recorded on a single drop, a technique which has appeared useful51 in cases of sufficient reversibility. 

Figure 8.1. Schematic response (solid curve) of a first order function to a sinusoidal input (dashed). The response has a smaller amplitude, a phase lag, and its exponential term decays away quickly to become a pure sinusoidal response. 

Fig. 6a. Schematic illustration of deformation measurement of PVA-PAA gel film in electric fields, b Deflection curves of PVA-PAA gel film under sinusoidally varied electric fields...

In just the last year, several observations have allowed new constraints on neutron star structure (1) a mass of M > 1.6 M (at >95% confidence) has been measured for a neutron star (Nice et al. 2003) (2) the first surface redshift, 2 = 0.35, has been detected from a neutron star (Cottam et al. 2002), and (3) the first non-sinusoidal light curve has been measured from an accreting millisecond neutron star (Strohmayer et al 2003). These observations, along with many previously available data, hold out good hope for strong constraints on high-density matter in the next few years. 

A note of caution should be sounded here. Whilst the curves shown in Figure 6.5 are characteristic of many charged dispersions it should be recalled that once we apply a sinusoid to a non-linear system the response need not be a sinusoid. As the strain is increased into the nonlinear region, the waveform passing through the sample becomes progressively distorted. The instrumental analysis in this case involves... 

The third block in Fig. 2.1 shows the various possible sensing modes. The basic operation mode of a micromachined metal-oxide sensor is the measurement of the resistance or impedance [69] of the sensitive layer at constant temperature. A well-known problem of metal-oxide-based sensors is their lack of selectivity. Additional information on the interaction of analyte and sensitive layer may lead to better gas discrimination. Micromachined sensors exhibit a low thermal time constant, which can be used to advantage by applying temperature-modulation techniques. The gas/oxide interaction characteristics and dynamics are observable in the measured sensor resistance. Various temperature modulation methods have been explored. The first method relies on a train of rectangular temperature pulses at variable temperature step heights [70-72]. This method was further developed to find optimized modulation curves [73]. Sinusoidal temperature modulation also has been applied, and the data were evaluated by Fourier transformation [75]. Another idea included the simultaneous measurement of the resistive and calorimetric microhotplate response by additionally monitoring the change in the heater resistance upon gas exposure [74-76]. 

A process is forced by sinusoidal input m,). The output is a sine wave If these two signals arc connected to an x — y recorder, we get a Lissajous plot. Time is the parameter along the curve, which repeats itself with each cycle. The shape of the curve will change if the frequency is changed and will be different for different kinds of processes. 

The classical cure 131,132), apart from special probe construction precautions, is a pulse sequence using a phase device detection cycle in which one exploits the fact that acoustic ringing increases linearly with pulse width while NMR signal follows the sinusoidal nutation-angle curve. In its most elementary form, the cycle is composed of four steps (ideally with null 5) ... 

Fig. 8 Influence of the P-ban in detergent to the moving averages over a period of 22 weeks (solid line) for DRP concentration in the Thur and Rhone. Sinusoidal regression curves (dashed line) before and after the ban...

Fig. 11.16 Ratio of mean terminal velocity to terminal velocity in absence of oscillations for particles in sinusoidally oscillating fluids. Unbroken lines are predictions from Eq. (11-58) broken lines are numerical predictions (M8) for 2 mm spheres in water with y = 2.5 and values as follows curve A-0.28 B -0.42 C—0.56 D -1.11 E -1.67.

The graph does not look much like a sine wave because the time between points is so large. If we decrease the time between points, we see that the points do lie on a sinusoidal curve. The graph below is an overlay plot of the detailed sine wave of the top graph (the trace had a very small time step) and the center graph showing a sine wave trace with a large time step ... 

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