Cup method

The flash points obtained experimentally according to the different procedures differ slightly. The present estimation refers to the flash point called the closed cup method. 

Mousses pose Httle manufacturing problem, but because they are aerosolized they must be filled with special equipment. The pressure fill technique requites the container to be filled with mousse concentrate, then a valve is crimped on and a vacuum of approximately 2.4 kPa (18 mm Hg) is pulled. The propellants are added through the valve. Another technique, the under-the-cup method, fills the container under pressure with propellant and crimps the valve, all in one step. 

The U.S. domestic shipping name of isopropyl alcohol is UN No. 1219 Isopropanol. Anhydrous as well as water solutions to 91 vol % alcohol are considered flammable Hquid materials by the DOT. Both have flash poiats below 37.8°C by the Tag closed-cup method. Acceptable modes of transportation include air, rail, road, and water (124). For international air and water shipments, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) class is 3.2, the packaging group is II, and the primary hazard label required is "Flammable Liquid."... 

Flash Point (ASTMD92). The Cleveland open cup method is most commonly used although the Tag open cup (ASTM D3143) is apphcable to cutbacks. Flash point is an indication of fire hazard and the test is frequendy used to indicate whether a given product has been contaminated with materials of lower dash point. 

The other method is the ASTM cup method (34). In this method a desiccant is placed in a waterproof dish. The dish is covered with the experimental film and placed in an environmental chamber. The temperature and humidity ate set for the conditions of interest, typically 37.8 °C and 90% th. At regular intervals, the dish is removed and weighed. After a few days enough data have been gathered to describe a steady-state rate of weight gain, and the WVTR can be calculated. Typical experiments take about a week to complete. 

Commercial ethyl alcohol is shipped in railroad tank cars, tank tmcks, 208-L (55-gal) and 19-L (5-gal) dmms, and in smaller glass or metal containers having capacities of 0.473 L (one pint), 0.946 L (one quart), 3.785 L (one U.S. gal), or 4.545 L (one Imperial gal). The 208-L dmms may be of the unlined iron type. If a guarantee of more meticulous quaUty is desired, the dmms may be lined with phenoHc resin. AH containers, of course, must comply with the specifications of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Both 190 proof and 200 proof ethyl alcohol are considered red label (flammable) materials by the DOT, as both have flash points below 37.8°C by the Tag closed-cup method. 

Flashpoint — the lowest temperature of a liquid at whieh it gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surfaee of the liquid within the vessel used. Two tests are used—Open Cup and Closed Cup. Generally, the Open Cup method results in flashpoints 5° to 10° higher than the Closed Cup method. Flashpoint < 140°F (Closed Cup) is the eriterion used by EPA to deeide whether a ehemieal is hazardous by ignitability. DOT defines materials with flashpoints of < 100°F as flammable materials, and between 100° and 200°F as eombustible. 

Flash point of a flammable liquid The lowest temperature at which the liquid gives off enough vapors to form a flammable mixture with air (or pure oxygen, a special case) at or near the surface of the liquid or within its confined container. Some hazardous liquids have flash points at or below ordinary room temperatures and normally are covered by a layer of flammable vapors that will ignite immediately if a source of ignition is brought in contact [32]. Flash points are measured by open cup and closed cup methods. The open cup data is applicable to liquid in open containers and in open pools and usually somewhat higher temperatures than the closed cup. Refer to... 

The flash pt for IPN using the Abel closed cup method is 53°F while the Cleveland open cup method gives a value of 72°F. Min spont ign temp range in air on a heated brass, Al stainless steel or mild steel plate is 245—60° The following data from Ref 6 present, in tabular form, the limits of flammability of IPN vapor/air mixts over a press and temp range ... 

The logarithmic decrement of the oscillations of a pendulum consisting of a crucible containing a test liquid is measured by the oscillating cup method. A schematic drawing of the oscillating cup (vessel) viscometer is shown in Fig. 24. 

Methods of test for petroleum and its products. Determination of flash point. Pensky-Martens closed cup method. 

The lowest temperature of a flammable liquid at which it gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel used. The flash point has been commonly determined by the open cup or closed cup method but recent research has yielded higher and lower flash points dependent on the surface area of the ignition source. Because of this aspect ASTM and other standard test methods have been recently withdrawn. They are under review until an adequate determination of a practical and comprehensive standard is composed and agreed upon. 

FLASHPOINT (Method Used) The flashpoint of the mixture has been determined to be 168 F (75.5 C) by the closed cup method. The lowest flashing component of the mixture (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether) has a flashpoint of 115 F (46 C) by the closed cup method. 

This process, also termed rapid spinning cup (RSC) process, was invented in the early 1980 s contemporarily by Osaka University in Japan[191] and Battelle s Columbus Division in the US)192 Unlike water atomization where water streams or droplets are used to disintegrate a molten metal, a coherent fast-moving liquid layer is used in the RSC process. Liquid quenchants include water, oil, glycerine, and other commercial quenching liquids. The materials atomized with the spinning cup method include a wide variety of metals and alloys such as tin, lead, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, iron alloys (stainless steels and high speed tool steels), zinc alloys and superalloys.[192]... 

Of the available test methods, the most common method of determining the flash point confines the vapor (in a closed cup) until the instant the flame is applied (ASTM D56, D93, D3828, D6450 IP 34, IP 94, IP 303). An alternative method that does not confine the vapor (open cup method ASTM D92, D1310 IP 36) gives slightly higher values of the flash point. 

Hughes, J.M., Hardy, D.R., and Beal, EJ. A flash point value for n-dodecane based on the manual Pensky-Martens closed cup method (ASTM-D-93), Energy Fuels, 10(6) 1276-1277, 1996. 

Permeability and solubility measurements Permeability of the free films for water vapour was measured by means of the wet cup method (15). Oxygen permeability was measured using the Polymer Permeation Analyser of Dohrmann Envlrotech (16,17). Results are summarized In Table I. 

These are liquids, mixtures of liquids, or liquids containing solids in solution or in suspension. The flash point of these materials is 140°F (60°C) or less by the closed-cup method or 150°F (65.5°C) or less by the open-cup method. 

A. FLASH AND FIRE POINTS BY CLEVELAND OPEN CUP METHOD (COC). The Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus is described as Method 4294 (Sept 1965) of Federal Test Method Standard No 141a... 

Hash and fire points by Cleveland open cup method 6 F80-F82... 

The flash point is a measured temperature at which vapors above the surface of a liquid are just sufficiendy concentrated to propagate a flame (10). In practice, materials of concern may be in closed or open containers or may have spilled. Generally, the chosen flash point method should be related to the problem as well as to the type of material ie, open-cup methods are more significant for open containers or spills, whereas closed-cup methods give more significant information for closed containers, eg, process vessels. A number of commercial flammable liquids contain a moderate amount of noncombustible components, eg, chlorinated hydrocarbons, in order to elevate the closed-cup flash point and thus gain a more favorable classification. When the same material is analyzed by an open-cup method, the flash point is not elevated, ie, after a spill, the noncombustible material would soon be lost and the residue may be highly flammable. 

Water Transport. Two methods of measuring water-vapor transmission rates (WVTR) are commonly used. The newer method uses a Permatran-W (Modern Controls, Inc.). The other method is the ASTM cup method. 

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