Culture synchronized

Jandt, U., Platas Barradas, O., Portner, R., and Zeng, A.P. (2014) Mammalian cell culture synchronization under physiological conditions and population dynamic simulation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 98 (10), 4311-4319. 

The bacterial culture converts a portion of the supplied nutrient into vegetative cells, spores, crystalline protein toxin, soluble toxins, exoenzymes, and metabolic excretion products by the time of complete sporulation of the population. Although synchronous growth is not necessary, nearly simultaneous sporulation of the entire population is desired in order to obtain a uniform product. Depending on the manner of recovery of active material for the product, it will contain the insolubles including bacterial spores, crystals, cellular debris, and residual medium ingredients plus any soluble materials which may be carried with the fluid constituents. Diluents, vehicles, stickers, and chemical protectants, as the individual formulation procedure may dictate, are then added to the harvested fermentation products. The materials are used experimentally and commercially as dusts, wettable powders, and sprayable liquid formulations. Thus, a... 

Kudlich M, Bishop P, Rnackmuss H-J et al (1996) Synchronous anaerobic and aerobic degradation of the sulfonated azo dye Mordant Yellow 3 by immobilized cells from a naphthalenesulfonate-degrading mixed culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 46 597-603... 

Beunink J, Rehm HJ (1988) Synchronous anaerobic and aerobic degradation of DDT by an immobilized mixed culture system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 29 72-80... 

NT433 Nishinari, N., and T. Yamaki. Relation between cell division and endogenous auxin in synchronously-cultured tobacco cells. Bot Mag (Tokyo) 1976 89 73. 

Perillyl alcohol induced apoptosis and was more effective than perillaldehyde at inhibiting the proliferation of human carcinoma cell lines cultured in vitro [319]. Perillyl alcohol treatments suppressed cell growth [313-315], reduced cyclin D1 RNA and protein levels and prevented the formation of active cyclin D1 associated with kinase complexes in synchronous cells during the exit of GO and entry into the cell cycle [284, 316, 317]. In addition, perillyl alcohol treatment induced an increased association of p21 [316-318] with cyclin E-Gdk2 complexes, inhibited the activating phosphorylation of Gdk2 [312, 316, 318-320], initiated apoptosis [321-324] and suppressed small G-protein isoprenylation... 

For certain aspects of work with cell cultures, a useful property of tunicamycin is that it can be used to synchronize cell division. After release of the block imposed hv the drug, the cloning efficiency was also higher, and the cloning size more regular, than in the control culture.547... 

Kimura H, Oyamada Y, Ohshika H, Mri M, Oyamada M Reversible inhibition of gap junctional communication, synchronous contraction and synchronism of intracellular Ca2+ fluctuation in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes by heptanol. Exp Cell Res 1995 220 348-356. 

The role of calcium in cell division is controversial. The measurement of cation fluxes in synchronized cultures of Tetrahymena shows an influx of calcium 30 minutes prior to the initiation of cell division.440 However, there is also an influx of magnesium, and it has been suggested441 that the fluctuation of these metals during the synchronized division cycle is an effect rather than a cause. 

Mizutani, A., Kuroda, Y., Muramoto, K., Kobayashi, K., Yamagishi, K., and Inokuchi, J. (1996). Effects of glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor and ganglioside GCMb on synchronous oscillations of intracellular Ca2+ in cultured cortical neurons. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 222, 494—498. 

Robinson, H. P., Kawahara, M., Jimbo, Y., Torimitsu, K., Kuroda, Y., and Kawana, A. (1993). Periodic synchronized bursting and intracellular calcium transients elicited by low magnesium in cultured cortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 70, 1606—1616. 

It is often difficult to avoid introducing some degree of synchronous growth in a culture simply as a results of routine operations. Thus Stubblefield et al. (1967) found that subculture of Don-C cells every 24 h exerted a selection pressure favouring cells with a 12 h generation time and highest mitotic frequencies at about 7 and 19 h. 

Sugiyama M, Patierno SR, Cantoni O, et al. 1986. Characterization of DNA lesions induced by CaCr04 in synchronous and asynchronous cultured mammalian cells. Mol Pharmacol 29 606-613. 

Fraser, R.S.S., Studies on messenger and ribosomal RNA synthesis in plant tissue cultures induced to undergo synchronous cell division, Eur. J. Biochem., 50, 529-537, 1975. 

Parenchyma cells go into dormancy in the DNA presynthetic phase (Gj) (Adamson, 1962 Mitchell, 1967), and when these cells are held on a culture medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to break or circumvent the dormancy, the cells enter mitosis (Bennici et al., 1982). The first and second divisions are well synchronized (Serafini-Fracassini et al., 1980) however, with further division, synchrony is gradually lost (Yeoman et al., 1965). Likewise, there are marked changes in the timing of the first and second cell cycles with the progression of dormancy (Bennici et al., 1982). 

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