Cryptococcus albidus

The second patent describes the use of a microbial mixed culture (Hansenula sydowiorum, Hansenula ciferrii, Hansenula lynferdii, and/or Cryptococcus albidus) in coal desulfurization [160], In this process, the raw mined coal is ground to a particle size smaller than 200 mesh forming a slurry with water, at a solids concentration of less than 40wt%. The bacterial cultures are then inoculated into the feedstock slurry. An incubation step is carried out at a temperature near 25°C and at a pH close to neutral. The highest removal achieved was in the range of 46% S removal. 

Figure 1. Amino acid sequences of microbial glycohydrolases. A Aureobasid-iwn sp. endo-xylanase Sc Schizophyllwn commune endo-xylanase C Chainia sp. endo-xylanase Bp Bacillus pumilus endo-xylanase Bs Bacillus subtilis Bacillus circulans endo-xylanase Pf Pseudomonas fluorescens endo-xylanase B alkalophilic Bacillus sp. endo-xylanase Ct Clostridium thermocellum endo-xylanase Cf Cellulomonas fimi cellobiohydrolase Ca Cryptococcus albidus endo-xylanase. Residue numbers are those of the adjacent residue, counting from the N-terminus of the mature protein.

The xylanases of yeasts have been studied in detail by Biely and coworkers using Cryptococcus albidus as a model (35). The xylanase from... 

Further information on the fine structure of arabinoxylan should be forthcoming when hydrolysis is performed with a purified (l- 4)-/S-D-xylanase, such as that from Cryptococcus albidus,60 62 whose subsite-... 

Kooiman separated exocellular amylose formed in liquid media at pH < 5 by Cryptococcus albidus and Cryptococcus laurentii var. flavescens NRRL Y-1401 from a polysaccharide containing D-man-nose, D-xylose, and D-glucuronic acid. X-Ray diffraction patterns of the retrograded amyloses were identical with that of tuber starch (B modification). Periodate oxidation, optical rotational measurements, and hypoiodite oxidation data suggested a linear a-D-(l—>4)-linked structure having a chain length of about 44 units for the Cr. albidus amylose. Cryptococcus neoformans produces a crystalline amylose that was isolated by the method of Schoch. It has an iodine value and alpha- and hefa-amylase hydrolysis characteristics similar to those of corn amylose. 

A number of heteropolysaccharides resembling that of Cr. laurentii in sugar composition have been isolated from Cryptococcus diffluens (Torulopsis rotundata) (now Cryptococcus albidus var. diffluens). ... 

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rh. minuta, Sporobolomyces albidus, and Sp. salmonicolor, but present in Cryptococcus diffluens. However, Meyer (49) clearly demonstrated such activity in the intracellular extract and in the cell walls of Rhodotorula minuta var. texensis, Rh. glutinis, Cryptococcus albidus, Cr. terreus, and Cr. laurentii. The activity in the cell walls of these yeasts was always much higher than that of the intracellular extract. 0-(l- 6)-Glucanase activity of these species was either lacking or extremely low, but chitinase activity was significant in most strains. 

Some microorganisms in culture show methionine-dependent ethylene formation. In studies with Escherichia coli, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutyrate (KMB) produced from methionine by transamination was suggested as the precursor of ethylene [19], and subsequently a cell-free system which produced ethylene from KMB in the presence of NAD(P)H, EDTA-Fe and oxygen was established [20]. An enzyme which catalysed a similar ethylene-forming activity was purified from Cryptococcus albidus [15]. The purified enzyme of molecular mass 62 kDa turned out to be NADH EDTA-Fe oxidoreductase. The proposed mechanism involves reduction of EDTA-Fe to EDTA-Fe by the enzyme, reduction of oxygen to superoxide by EDTA-Fe, of hydrogen peroxide to hydroxyl radical, and oxidation of KMB by hydroxyl radical to ethylene. However, an extensive physiological evaluation of this enzyme must be done before it can... 

Biely, P. (1982). Catabolite repression of (3-xylanase synthesis in the yeast Cryptococcus albidus. Biologia, 37, 799-807. 

Morosoli R, Zalce E, Moreau A, Durand S (1992) Secretion of xylanase from Cryptococcus albidus by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis. In Visser J, Beldman G, Kusters-van Someren MA, Voragen AGJ (eds) Xylans and xylanases. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, p 247... 

The stability of pectate and pectin depolymerizing enzymes produced by Mucor puriformis, Rhizopus sexualis, R. stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea, Aureobasidium pullulans, Trichosporon pullulans, and Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus in sulphite liquor has been studied in relation to the breakdown of sulphited strawberries. Marked breakdown of fruit occurred only when pectolytic activity could be detected in the liquor for more than two weeks using a viscometric assay. Of the fungi tested, Rhizopus species produced enzymes that were the most stable in sulphite liquor. For each of the Mucor and Rhizopus species tested, the stability of poly-D-galacturonases in sulphite liquor was very similar for extracts of infected fruit and culture filtrates. It was suggested that sulphite labile (=acid labile) and sulphite stable (=acid stable) forms of the poly-D-galacturonases are present. 

Especially noteworthy is the research at Fritsche Dodge and Olcott and also International Flavors Fragrances (IFF) in this area, where they showed that the side-chain could be cleaved through fermentation with Hyphozyma roseoniger or Cryptococcus albidus. [222, 223]... 

Enterobacteria are mentioned. In addition, the yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Cryptococcus albidus, as well as the molds Geotrichum candidum and Aureobasid-ium pullulans, are named. 

Morosoli R, Zalce E, Durand S. (1993). Secretion of a Cryptococcus albidus xylanase in Pichia stipitis resulting in a xylan fermenting transformant. Curr Genet, 24,94-99. 

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