Cryptococcus albicans

In addition to its effect on enzymes, Ag has been found to produce changes in micro-organisms which may or may not be related. Thus, silver nitrate caused marked growth inhibition of Cryptococcus albicans, and was... 

Flucytosine. Flucytosine (17) or 5-fluorocytosine (4-amino-5-fluoro-2-pyrimidone, 5-FC), C H FN O, is a pyrimidine derivative, that is efficient against Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans and Torulopsis glabrata. 

Amphotericin B is particularly effective against systemic infections caused by C. albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is thus usually administered by intravenous injection under strict medical supervision. Amphotericin B methyl ester (Fig. 5.15C) is water-soluble, unlike amphotericin B itself, and can be administered intravenously as a solution. The two forms have equal antifungal activity but higher peak serum levels are obtained with the ester. Although the ester is claimed to be less toxic, neurological effects have been observed. An ascorbate salt has recently been described which is water-soluble, of similar activity and less toxic. 

On the contrary, both crude and water extracts (containing both catechins and proanthocyanidins) obtained from Cocos nucifera L. husk fibre were in-acfive against both the yeasts C. albicans. Cryptococcus neoformans and the filamentous fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi [62]. 

Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) Mycobacterium intracellulare Mycobacterium lepraemurium Mycobacterium smegmatis Salmonella typhimurium Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans Leishmania donovani Toxoplasma gondii... 

BPH—benign prostatic hypertrophy BPM—breaths per minute beats per minute BUN—blood urea nitrogen C—mean plasma concentration Cmi]X—maximum plasma concentration Cmm—minimum plasma concentration C albicans—Candida albicans C. bofulinum—Clostridium frotu/irtum C. difficile—Clostridium difficile C. jejuni—Campylobacter jejuni C. neoformans—Cryptococcus neoformans Ca—calcium... 

The combined synergistic effects of cyclo(Leu-Pro) and cyclo(Phe-Pro) were effective against five vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains Enterococcus faecium (K-99-38), E. faecalis (K-99-17), E. faecalis (K-99-258), E. faecium (K-01-312), and E. faecalis (K-01-511) with MIC values of 0.25—1 mgl . It also showed activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values of 0.25—0.5 mg 1. This combination also showed mutagenic activity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TAIOO strains in a Salmonella mutation assay. ... 

Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Sporotrichum schenkii, Blastomyces brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis, Rhodotorula, Aspergillus etc. It is fungicidal at high and fungistatic at low concentration. 

The major fungal opportunistic pathogens that affect immunocompromised hosts are the yeasts Candida and Cryptococcus, with the filamentous fungi Aspergillus and Fusarium and the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma also causing potentially fatal infections.4 Candida albicans... 

Utility Antifungal Agents Caused by Candida albicans. Cryptococcus... 

Flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) is metabolised in the fungal cell to 5-fluorouracil which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis. It is weU absorbed from the gut, penetrates effectively into tissues and almost all is excreted unchanged in the urine (t) 4 h). The dose should be reduced for patients with impaired renal function, and the plasma concentration should be monitored. The drug is well tolerated when renal function is normal. Candida albicans rapidly becomes resistant to flucytosine which ought not to be used alone it may be combined with amphotericin (see Table 14.2) but this increases the risk of adverse effects (leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, enterocolitis) and it is reserved for serious infections where the risk-benefit balance is favourable (e.g. Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis). 

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