Crustaceans blood

Definition Extract of crustacean blood Uses Biological additive in cosmetics skin oxygenation stimulator for face care preps. 

HALL M, WANG R, ANTWERPEN R, SOTTRUP-JENSEN L and SODERHALL K (1999) The crayfish plasma clotting protein a vitellogenin-related protein responsible for clot formation in crustacean blood , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96,1965-70. 

Thompson, E. M., Nafpakdtis, B. G., and Tsuji, F. I. (1988). Dietary uptake and blood transport of Vargula (crustacean) luciferin in the bioluminescent fish, Porichthys notatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., A comp. Physiol. 89A 203-209. 

Crustaceans can accumulate zinc from both water and food (USEPA 1987). In uncontaminated waters, the diet is probably the major source of zinc. Absorption from the stomach is efficient and occurs, in part, via the hepatopancreas. When a large pulse of zinc reaches the blood from the stomach, some is excreted, but much is resorbed and stored in the hepatopancreas in a relatively nonlabile form. Ultimately, stored zinc is also excreted, although removal via the gut is unimportant (Bryan et al. 1986). Zinc absorption occurs initially at the gill surface, followed by transport on a saturable carrier in the cell wall, and is most efficient at low dissolved ambient zinc concentrations. Urinary excretion is an important body removal pathway, especially at high dissolved ambient concentrations when it can account for 70 to 80% of total zinc excretion (Bryan et al. 1986). 

An average of about 7 ppm of bromine is found in terrestrial plants, and edible foods contain up to 20 ppm. Among animals the highest bromide contents are found in sea life, such as fish, sponges, and crustaceans (44). Animal tissues contain 1—9 ppm of bromide and blood 5—15 ppm. The World Health Organization has set a maximum acceptable bromide intake for humans at 1 mg/kg of body weight per day. In adult males the bromine content in serum has been found to be 3.2—5.6 pg/mL, in urine 0.3—7.0 pg/mL, and in hair 1.1—49.0 pg/mL. Bromine may be an essential trace element as are the other halides (45). 

Two types of evidence indicate that vanadium may function as a anti-feedant for unicates. First, there is evidence based on observation that species whose outer coverings (tunics) are rich in vanadocytes are shunned by predatory fish65,66. These tunics are often acidic, which confers further protection from predation on an individual specimen exhibiting this characteristic. Since vanadium would be expected to hydrolyze in sea water, this acidity could result from release of vanadium due to rupturing blood cells. Second, pieces of fish deliberately dosed with appreciable amounts of vanadium, and offered as food pellets to crustaceans and fish, resulted in reduced food consumption by these predators67. ... 

Chitosan is a polymer of glucosamine and A-acetyl-glucosamine, obtained from crustacean shells. It has been used to lower blood lipid concentrations, for body weight reduction (26), and as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. 

Some animals, however, do not have hemoglobin to carry oxygen through the blood. For example, crustaceans (shellfish like lobsters, shrimps, and crabs) use a compound called hemocyanin. Hemocyanin is similar to hemoglobin but contains copper instead of iron. Many copper compounds, including hemocyanin, are blue. Therefore, the blood of a crustacean is blue, not red. 

Crustaceans have blue blood because of a copper compound called hemocyanin. IMAGE COPYRIGHT 2009, DMITRIJS MIHEJEVS. USED UNDER LICENSE FROM SHUTTERSTOCK.COM. 

Many of the elements in the ocean—the phosphorus and silicon in crustaceans shells and the copper in the blood of lobsters, for example—are essential to sea life. If just a few of these vital elements were to disappear, it would ruin the fishing industry and lead to famine in many parts of the world. 

Hemocyanins (Hcl are oxygen-transport nonheme proteins I MW 10 lO ) which are found in the blood of some insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. One of the smallest He (MW 450,000) e.xiracted from spiny lobster Panulirus inierrupius consists of six subunits each containing two Cu atoms. Upon oxygenation, the deoxy form (Cu(I), colorless) turns to blue (Cu(ll), blue blood ) by binding one O2 molecule per two Cu atoms. 

Kerr MS (1969) The hemolymph proteins of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. II. A lipoprotein serologically identical to oocyte lipovitellin. Dev Biol 20 1-17 Laufer H, Borst D, Baker FC, Carrasco C, Sinkus M, Reuter C, Tsai LW, Schooley DA (1987) The identification of a juvenile hormone-like compound in a crustacean. Science 235 202-205 Lawrence AL, Lawrence JM, Giese AC (1971) Carbohydrate and lipid levels in the blood of Urechis caupo (Echiura). Comp Biochem Physiol 38B 463-465 Lee RF, Puppione DL (1978) Serum lipoproteins in the spiny lobster, Panulirus interuptus. Comp Biochem Phys 59B 239-243... 

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