Cross-species comparisons

There have been a number of recent preclinical studies that highlight the importance of plasma protein binding when making cross-species comparisons, interpreting drug concentrations in various compartments, and determining effective drug concentrations at the site of action. 

Ellis, L. (1995) Dominance and reproductive success among nonhuman animals a cross-species comparison. Ethol. Sociobiol. 16, 257-333. 

The criterion that many theorists seem loath to accept is that of a distinct affect (e.g., Lewis Michalson, 1983, pp. 30f). Yet this may be the most characteristic facet of emotion. When we experience an affect but do not exhibit any emotional expression, visceral changes or overt action, are we not still experiencing an emotion Furthermore, affects can be rated reliably in other primates, thus permitting cross-species comparison (Goodall, 1987). Admit-... 

Cross-species comparisons can be made for crude estimates and, generally, for drugs that have clearance of less than 4 mL/min/kg would be evaluated only if there are special reasons that the mechanisms of actions need to be evaluated. 

SandeUn, A., Wasserman, W. W., and Lenhard, B. (2004) ConSite Web-based prediction of regulatory elements using cross-species comparison. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, W249-W252. 

U. (2006) Active site variability of type 1 llb-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase revealed by selective inhibitors and cross-species comparisons. Mol Cell Endocrinol 248, 26-33. 

If a unique or human specific metabolite is observed during in vitro cross-species comparison studies, additional toxicological studies are warranted. 

Peterson RE, Theobald HM, Kimmel GL. 1993. Developmental and reproductive toxicity of dioxins and related compounds Cross-species comparisons. Crit Rev Toxicol 23 283-335. 

Zhou XJ, Gibson G. Cross-species comparison of genome-wide expression patterns. Genome Biol 2004 5 232-234. 

H. Tilson, J.L. Jacobsen, and W. Rogan, Polychlorinated biphenyls and the developing nervous system Cross-species comparisons. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 12 239, 1990. 

Many of the other chapters in this volume deal with evolutionary analyses of specific genes and unique DNA sequences.24-28 There are, however, some evolutionary aspects unique to repeated DNA sequences. The most important of these factors is the amplification dynamics. Sequences become repetitive because there are amplification processes that make extra copies of them. These include retroposition and transposition mechanisms that would explain the majority of interspersed repeated DNA sequences, as well as recombination or replication slippage mechanisms that would probably explain most tandem replications. For any given repeated sequence, various factors may combine to increase or decrease the amplification rate of that sequence at various times in the evolutionary process. Thus, the dynamics of the amplification process could greatly affect the observed evolution of the family. This is particularly important in cross-species comparisons, because the amplification dynamics of a specific repeated DNA family may be altered in one species, relative to another. 

Fraction of proteins reported in the indicated study that is likely to actually be components of lipid rafts based on comparison to MpCD-sensitive proteins in Foster et al. (2003). For within species comparisons 95% identity was required for two sequences to be considered equivalent and for cross-species comparisons 85% identity was required (Foster et al. 2006). 

A retrospective survey was conducted prior to embarking on "real-time" use of PGDE. The results shown in Figure 31.3 permit a comparison of limiting doses in humans versus mice. The doses used for this comparison were normalized for body surface area (e.g., 100 mg/m ), which is very exceptional for any other therapeutic class. The use of body surface area in clinical dosing for oncology has faded substantially, but it remains an excellent metric for cross-species comparisons. 

Hoppe R, Lambert TD, Samollow PB, Breer H, Strotmann J (2006) Evolution of the OR37 subfamily of olfactory receptors a cross-species comparison. J Mol Evol 62 460-472 Hu J, Zhong C, Ding C, Chi Q, Walz A, Mombaerts P, Matsunami H, Luo M (2007) Detection of near-atmospheric concentrations of C02 by an olfactory subsystem in the mouse. Science 317 953-957... 

Abbreviations MS, metabolic stability DDI, drug—drug interaction screening XSP, cross-species comparison and PK, determination of pharmacokinetic parameters. 

This raises the question of what in vitro system to use and which system wiii provide reai data on the reiative rates of metaboiism in different species. Shouid tissue siices, isoiated ceiis, homogenates, or subceiiuiar fractions be used One approach to this difficuity is to use the rate of metaboUsm per gram of tissue (or mg protein) derived from the perfused organ studies in rat as the yardstick by which to vaiidate the rate of metaboiism in in vitro systems. Often the rate of metaboiism in siices, isoiated ceiis, homogenates, or subceiiuiar fractions with an arbitrary incubation medium is weii beiow the expected iev-eis. However, by judicious manipuiation of the incubation medium, it shouid be possibie to improve the nature and rates of metaboiism in vitro so that the rates approach the whoie perfused organ. If the improved rates are 80% or more than that in the whole organ, then cross-species comparisons that use the same conditions should provide data that can be used for go/no-go decisions. 

Tilson et al. 1990. PolycMoiinated Biphenyls and the Developing Nervous System Cross-Species Comparisons. Neurtoxicology and Teratology 12 239-248. 

Cross-species comparison Reactive metabolite screens Reaction phenotyping Early PK screening Biliary excretion... 

Sinha, S., Schroeder, M. D., Unnerstall, U., Gaul, U., and Siggia, E. D. (2004) Cross-species comparison significantly improves genome-wide prediction of cis-regulatory modules in Drosophila. BMC Bioinformatics 5, 129. 

McCue, L. A., Thompson, W., Carmack, C. S and Lawrence, C. E. (2002) Factors influencing the identification of transcription factor binding sites by cross-species comparison. Genome Res. 12, 1523-1532. 

Bennett J, Anand V, Acland GM, Maguire AM. Cross-species comparison of in vivo reporter gene expression after rAAV-mediated retinal transduction. Meth Enzymol 2000 316 777-789. 

Thompson, E. E., Kuttab-Boulos, H., Krasowski, M. D., and Di, R. A. (2005) Functional constraints on the constitutive androstane receptor inferred from human sequence variation and cross-species comparisons. Plum. Genomics 2, 168-178. 

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