Cross-sections, comparison

Fig. 27. Scanning electron micrograph (a) and cross-sectional comparison (b) of screen and depth filters both having a nominal particulate cut-off of 0.4 flm. The screen filter (a Nuclepore radiation track membrane) captures particulates at the surface. The phase-inversion ceUulosic membrane traps the...

In a controlled, cross-sectional comparison of 100 patients with mood disturbance who had taken lithium... 

Whincup, P. EL, Gilg. J. A., Papacosta, O., Seymour, C., Miller, G. J., Alberti, K.G., Cook, D.G. 2002. Early evidence of ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk cross sectional comparison of British South Asians and white children. Br. Med. J. 324, 635-638. 

Ohta, H., I. Sugimoto, A. Masuda, S. Komukai, Y. Suda, K. Makita, K. Takamatsu, F. Horiguchi, and S. Nozawa. 1996. Decreased bone mineral density associated with early menopause progresses for at least ten years Cross-sectional comparisons between early and normal menopausal women. Bone 18(3) 227-231. 

In a controlled, cross-sectional comparison of 100 patients with mood disturbance who had taken lithium for at least 6 months and 100 psychiatrically normal controls, lithium did not increase the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity a minimally larger number of control subjects had antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (11 controls versus 7 patients with mood disorders) and anti-thyroglo-bulin antibodies (15 versus 8) (259). 

Simulation of the i.r. spectrum of ArHD from an accurate calculation of photodissociation cross-sections. Comparison with experiment Laser excitation spectrum of NaArjA H —... 

Nunez, L.A. and Gurpegui, M. (2002) Cannabis-induced psychosis a cross-sectional comparison with acute schizophrenia Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 105(3) 173-178. 

Korunka, C., and Carayon, P. (1999), Continuous Implementation of Information Technology The Development of an Interview Guide and a Cross-Sectional Comparison of Austrian and American Organizations, International Journal of Human Factors in Manufacturing, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 165-183. 

Verlangieri et al. (1985) observed that the time trend of fruit and vegetable intake is inversely related to mortality from atherosclerotic diseases in the United States. Gey et al. (1987a,b) showed that in cross-sectional comparison, a vegetarian diet correlates inversely not only with cancer, but also with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Also, in a study by Knekt et al. (1994) fruit and vegetable consumption was inversely related with coronary mortality. The effect of a Mediterranean diet, rich... 

In our research on low-level lead exposure we adopted a strategy of cross-sectional and longitudinal study of the intellectual, social, and neurobehavioural development of preschool children exposed to low or moderate blood lead (PbB) levels. We asked two questions (a) Does cross-sectional comparison show a significant interaction between age and PbB levels, between age and type of exposure (occupational versus non-occupational), or between age and the important behavioural covariates of lead exposure (SES level, maternal IQ, and quality of the caregiving environment) and (b) Upon regular 5-year re-evaluations, can changes in these children s intellectual, social, and neurobehavioural development be related to current PbB levels or to cumulative previous PbB levels after removal of lead from their home environment ... 

Right Fig. 4.2 Cross section of the test object. Comparison between the eddy eurrent density close to a crack in either a massive (bottom) or a stacked sample (top). 

Baer M, Loesch H J, Werner H J and Last I 1994 Integral and differential cross sections for the Li + HF to LiF + H process. A comparison between quantum mechanical and experimental results Chem. Phys. Lett. 219 372... 

Baer M, Faubel M, Martinez-Haya B, Rusin L Y, Tappe U and Toennies J P 1998 A study of state-to-state differential state cross-sections for the F + 02(0.= 0,jl) —> DF(u y ) + D reactions a detailed comparison between experimental and three dimensional quantum mechanical results J. Chem. Phys. 108 9694... 

By using this approach, it is possible to calculate vibrational state-selected cross-sections from minimal END trajectories obtained with a classical description of the nuclei. We have studied vibrationally excited H2(v) molecules produced in collisions with 30-eV protons [42,43]. The relevant experiments were performed by Toennies et al. [46] with comparisons to theoretical studies using the trajectory surface hopping model [11,47] fTSHM). This system has also stimulated a quantum mechanical study [48] using diatomics-in-molecule (DIM) surfaces [49] and invoicing the infinite-onler sudden approximation (lOSA). 

Fig. 10. Comparison of Scofield s calculated x-ray photoionization cross-sections relative to that for F 1 electrons and experimental values (22) as a...

The conformational characteristics of PVF are the subject of several studies (53,65). The rotational isomeric state (RIS) model has been used to calculate mean square end-to-end distance, dipole moments, and conformational entropies. C-nmr chemical shifts are in agreement with these predictions (66). The stiffness parameter (5) has been calculated (67) using the relationship between chain stiffness and cross-sectional area (68). In comparison to polyethylene, PVF has greater chain stiffness which decreases melting entropy, ie, (AS ) = 8.58 J/(molK) [2.05 cal/(molK)] versus... 

Compared to EDS, which uses 10-100 keV electrons, PEXE provides orders-of-magnitude improvement in the detection limits for trace elements. This is a consequence of the much reduced background associated with the deceleration of ions (called bremsstrahlun compared to that generated by the stopping of the electrons, and of the similarity of the cross sections for ioiuzing atoms by ions and electrons. Detailed comparison of PIXE with XRF showed that PDCE should be preferred for the analysis of thin samples, surfrce layers, and samples with limited amounts of materials. XRF is better (or bulk analysis and thick specimens because the somewhat shallow penetration of the ions (e.g., tens of pm for protons) limits the analytical volume in PIXE. 

It should be noted that low-loss spectra are basically connected to optical properties of materials. This is because for small scattering angles the energy-differential cross-section dfj/dF, in other words the intensity of the EEL spectrum measured, is directly proportional to Im -l/ (E,q) [2.171]. Here e = ei + iez is the complex dielectric function, E the energy loss, and q the momentum vector. Owing to the comparison to optics (jqj = 0) the above quoted proportionality is fulfilled if the spectrum has been recorded with a reasonably small collection aperture. When Im -l/ is gathered its real part can be determined, by the Kramers-Kronig transformation, and subsequently such optical quantities as refraction index, absorption coefficient, and reflectivity. 

NRA as in RBS or ERDA, and possible modification of the target composition as a result of irradiation must be considered. Nuclear reaction cross-sections are also usually not available in analytical form for direct evaluation of measured data. Concentrations are, therefore, often obtained by comparison of the measured data with results from standard samples of known concentration. 

The easiest way to obtain the concentration m of the isotope A is to use a reference sample ( standard ), that contains the isotope A with a known atomic fraction/ for comparison. Knowing the NRA yield of the standard Yst and its stopping cross-section gt, the atomic fraction m in the sample can easily be evaluated from the yield Ya of the sample for the same projectile energy, taking the different stopping cross-sections into account ... 

Most comparisons of a failure criterion with failure data will be for the glass-epoxy data shown in Figure 2-36 as a function of off-axis angle 0 for both tension and compression loading [2-21]. The tension data are denoted by solid circles, and the compression data by solid squares. The tension data were obtained by use of dog-bone-shaped specimens, whereas the compression data were obtained by use of specimens with uniform rectangular cross sections. The shear strength for this glass-epoxy is 8 ksi (55 MPa) instead of the 6 ksi (41 MPa) in Table 2-3. 

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