Crops cassava

Apart from the traditional crops, cassava shows a great potential because it adapts to tropical zones and constitutes therefore an important crop in developing areas of the world. New sources of starch are also arising, such as banana [12], which yields a starch of excellent quality. 

Lupine seed, though used primarily in animal feeds (see Feeds AND FEED ADDITIVES), does have potential for use in human appHcations as a replacement for soy flour, and is reported to contain both trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutenins (17). The former are heat labile at 90°C for 8 minutes the latter seem much more stable to normal cooking temperatures. Various tropical root crops, including yam, cassava, and taro, are also known to contain both trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, and certain varieties of sweet potatoes may also be impHcated (18). 

Rhizopus-soft rot is a threat in all postharvest situations including storage, marketing, and transport of crops. It causes soft rot of avocados, cassava, crucifers, pulses, yams, and sweet potatoes. This spoilage type is mainly caused by Rhizopus stolonifer and to a lesser extent by R. oryzae, Mucor piriformis, and Gilbertella persicaria (Dijksterhuis and Samson 2006). 

All of these cereals and cassava, which is a root crop, will grow where wheat will not. Sorghum will grow in particularly unfavourable conditions. 

Cyanide can also be present in foodstuffs as residues from cyanide fumigation (Fiksel et al. 1981). Human exposure to naturally occurring cyanide in foods in the United States is expected to be low compared to certain populations in the Third World who subsist on cassava and similar crops (Fiksel et al. 1981). 

Chikoye, D., Ekeleme, F. and Udensi, U.E. 2001. Cogongrass suppression by intercropping cover crops in corn/cassava systems. Weed Science 49 658-667. 

Cassava (tapioca, manioc Manihot esculentis crantz) is a perennial woody shrub that is grown almost entirely in the tropics. It is one of the world s most productive crops, with possible yields of 20-30t/ha of starchy tubers (Oke, 1990). Cassava is an approved ingredient in organic poultry diets, although in many countries it will represent an imported product not produced regionally. 

Panigrahi, S. (1996) A review of the potential for using cassava root meal in poultry diets. In Kurup, G.T., Palaniswami, M.S., Potty, V.P., Padmaja, G., Kabeerathumma, S. and Pillai, S.V. (eds) Tropical Tuber Crops Problems, Prospects and Future Strategies. Science Publishers, Lebanon, Indiana, pp. 416-428. 

Additional tests may be carried out, for instance to determine the ratio of ash soluble and insoluble in acid, which indicates the amount of sand or soil contaminating the feed. This is a useful test for root crops such as cassava. 

Koch W, Grobbmann F, Weber A, Lutzeyer H.J, Akobundu I.O. Weeds as components of maize/cassava cropping systems. In Standortgemaesse landwirtschaft in West Africa, M. von Oppen, ed. Stuttgart, Germany Universitaet Hohenheim,1990 pp. 219-244... 

Estimated annual world wheat starch production was 2.11 million tons in 1993 and increased to 2.36 million tons in 1996.28 Because of significant expansion in manufacturing capacity in several countries, wheat starch production rose to 4.67 million tons in 2007 (Table 10.2).42 However, this production figure for wheat starch represents only a small fraction of the total world starch production of 60 million tons 41 By raw materials, wheat represents only 8% of world starch production, while potato, cassava and other crops contribute 4%, 14% and 1%, respectively com dominates at 73%. Approximately 52% of world starch is produced in the USA, 17% in the EU and 31% in other places 43 Wheat starch (<0.5% protein) is commercially produced in about 59 manufacturing plants in some 30 countries. The top 10 producers are France, the United States, Germany, The Netherlands, Australia, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Canada, Japan and China. 

Cassava is a shrubby perennial crop which is well-recognized for the ease of plantation and low input requirement. The plant can grow in all soil types, but root formation is better in loose-structured soils, such as light sandy loams and/or loamy... 

Estimates (Rabinowitch, 1945) of the total amount of carbon fixed in photosynthesis by land plants is on the order of 2 X 1010 tons per year. Three grain crops (wheat, rice, and maize) and three tuber crops (potato, yam, and cassava) provide f of the world s food calculated as calories. The amount of starch produced by the edible portions of these crops in one year exceeds 7 x 108 tons, of which about 6 x 108 tons are contributed by cereal grains. 

The cassava plant has also been responsible for a number of poisoning cases and can be a major problem in parts of the world where the crop is... 

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