Critical realists

Addressing an operationalisation of the critical realist perspective presented above, Aven Renn (2009a)... 

Other research methods could be applied to accompany with DA, e.g. the methods developed by other groups (e.g. Leca and Naccache 2006 Vincent 2008). Leca and Naccache (2006) developed a model with which to analyse institutional pressures in an attempt explain actors actions and behaviours and to consider simultaneously the influence of both actors actions and the stmctures in which they are embedded. Vincent (2008) created a critical realistic model to wish which to investigate interorganizational relationships and networks and which can identify the impact of social processes and how these are shaped by the behavioural orientations of the actors. This realistic but critical approach provides a perspective on agency and social processes that facilitate analyses of the behavioural orientations of actors and how these combine in order influence on processes and outcomes. 

Leca B, Naccache P (2006) A critical realist approach to institutional entrepreneurship. Organization 13(5) 627-651... 

Condensers should be designed to provide a realistic amount of excess auxiliary exhaust steam with reasonable velocity steam inlets and exhausts. Also, steam baffles should be slanted away from condenser bracing and other critical areas. 

Given the advanced state of wave-profile detectors, it seems safe to recognize that the descriptions given by such an apparatus provide a necessary, but overly restricted, picture. As is described in later chapters of this book, shock-compressed matter displays a far more complex face when probed with electrical, magnetic, or optical techniques and when chemical changes are considered. It appears that realistic descriptive pictures require probing matter with a full array of modern probes. The recovery experiment in which samples are preserved for post-shock analysis appears critical for the development of a more detailed defective solid scientific description. 

After 40 yr of intensive research is it now time to assess the directions followed and what we have accomplished, time to recognize that we need to pose new questions and need fundamentally new probes to understand shock-compressed matter, and to critically examine the fundamental assumptions, implicit and explicit, that we have employed Is it now time for a paradigm shift to a more realistic, if more complex, description of shock-compressed matter Can we continue to view shock-compressed matter as an analog to a static high pressure that happens to be achieved in a short time and has a large thermal component attached ... 

Disadvantages may arise because the behavior observed may not be fully realistic. A static simulation, for instance, may not reveal the true nature of operators dynamic interaction with the system. There is also the possible disadvantage of behavior in a simulator not fully replicating that found in the real situation. This can happen because of the absence of real stressors found in the actual task, for example, risk to life, criticality of the process, and presence of other workers and supervisors. 

The specification development process is a data-driven activity that requires a validated analytical method. The levels of data needed include assay precision, replicate process results (process precision), and real-time stability profiles. A statistical analysis of these data is critical in setting a realistic specification. Most often, aggregation and fragmentation degradation mechanisms are common to protein and peptide therapeutics. Therefore, the SE-HPLC method provides a critical quality parameter that would need to be controlled by a specification limit. 

The present work aims to derive fully microscopic expressions for the nucleation rate J and to apply the results to realistic estimates of nucleation rates in alloys. We suppose that the state with a critical embryo obeys the local stationarity conditions (9) dFjdci — p, but is unstable, i.e. corresponds to the saddle point cf of the function ft c, = F c, — lN in the ci-space. At small 8a = c — cf we have... 

When we consider equilibrium between two phases at high pressure, neither phase being dilute with respect to one of the components, we can no longer make the simplifying assumptions made in some of the earlier sections. We must now realistically describe deviations from ideal behavior in both phases for each phase, the effect of both pressure and composition must be seriously taken into account if we wish to describe vapor-liquid equilibria at high pressures for a wide range of conditions, including the critical. 

Critical Thinking Exercises—realistic patient care situations tiiat help die student apply the material contained in die chapter by exploring options and making clinical judgments related to die administration of dragp... 

Air, soil, and water are vital to life on this planet. We mnst protect these resonrces and nse them wisely— onr snrvival as a species depends on them. Despite recent impressive strides in improving the environment, evidence is overwhelming that more effective action mnst be taken to address snch critical issnes as acid rain, hazardons waste disposal, hazardous waste landfills, and groundwater contamination. It is also vital that we assess realistically the potential health and enviromnental impacts of emerging chemical products and technologies. The problems are clearly complex and demand a broad array of new research initiatives. 

Analysis of realistic aspects of fabrication and performance of plastic materials involves the combination of complex geometrical, material and physical factors. The identification of the material mechanisms responsible for a specific phenomenon requires the development of relatively complex numerical models which accommodate the critical factors. Once the model is in place, it is possible to simulate different material mechanisms and verify their predictions through a comparison with experimental results. 

Applying MD to systems of biochemical interest, such as proteins or DNA in solution, one has to deal with several thousands of atoms. Models for systems with long spatial correlations, such as liquid crystals, micelles, or any system near a phase transition or critical point, also must involve a large number of atoms. Some of these systems, including synthetic polymers, obey certain scaling laws that allow the estimation of the behaviour of a large system by extrapolation. Unfortunately, proteins are very precise structures that evade such simplifications. So let us take 10,000 atoms as a reasonable size for a realistic complex system. 

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