Critical rationalism

The French phrase translated here as analytical dictionary is dictionnaire raisonne, but the meaning of raisonni cannot be translated literally as reasoned here it means based on critical, rational, analytical principles. 

On the developmental trajectory of Feyerabend s philosophical career see J. G. McEvoy, A Revolutionary Philosophy of Science Paul K. Feyerabend and the Degeneration of Critical Rationalism into Sceptical Fallibilism , Philosophy of Science, 47 (1975), pp. 49-66. 

I.C. Jarvie and N. Laor (eds.) Critical Rationalism, Metaphysics and Science. Essays for... 

Some comment should be made about oil and water production data. In the history of each oil field it can be observed that corrosion and the ratio of produced water and oil are closely tied together. The production becomes corrosive only after passing a certain critical point in water and oil production. Although wide variations in this critical ration exist from field to field, narrow hmits usually apply to a single field. This rule does not apply to condensate weUs, which can be corrosive from the time of completion. 

A discussion of the different interpretations of critical rationalism is provided by Prim Tilmann (1997). 

Concentrations of moderator at or above that which causes the surface of a stationary phase to be completely covered can only govern the interactions that take place in the mobile phase. It follows that retention can be modified by using different mixtures of solvents as the mobile phase, or in GC by using mixed stationary phases. The theory behind solute retention by mixed stationary phases was first examined by Purnell and, at the time, his discoveries were met with considerable criticism and disbelief. Purnell et al. [5], Laub and Purnell [6] and Laub [7], examined the effect of mixed phases on solute retention and concluded that, for a wide range of binary mixtures, the corrected retention volume of a solute was linearly related to the volume fraction of either one of the two phases. This was quite an unexpected relationship, as at that time it was tentatively (although not rationally) assumed that the retention volume would be some form of the exponent of the stationary phase composition. It was also found that certain mixtures did not obey this rule and these will be discussed later. In terms of an expression for solute retention, the results of Purnell and his co-workers can be given as follows,... 

While the foregoing concepts have been utilized to rationalize the product distribution obtained on hydrogenation of a number of monocyclic olefins, it should be noted that the effect of pressure on the stereochemistry of hydrogenation of steroidal double bonds has not been critically evaluated. 

The landmark report by Winstein et al. (Scheme 3.6) on the powerful accelerating and directing effect of a proximal hydroxyl group would become one of the most critical in the development of the Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation reactions [11]. A clear syw directing effect is observed, implying coordination of the reagent to the alcohol before methylene transfer. This characteristic served as the basis of subsequent developments for stereocontrolled reactions with many classes of chiral allylic cycloalkenols and indirectly for chiral auxiliaries and catalysts. A full understanding of this phenomenon would not only be informative, but it would have practical applications in the rationalization of asymmetric catalytic reactions. 

These remarkable observations stimulated an investigation to understand the origin of the directing effect. To clarify the contribution of the axially- and equato-rially-oriented oxygen atoms in the ketal, a survey of the reaction of three confor-mationally biased t-butyl cyclohexenone ketals 78, 81 and 84 was undertaken (Scheme 3.26) [56]. In each case, careful conformational analysis provides critical clues to rationalizing selectivity. 

Siegel, H. 1990). Educating reason Rationality, critical thinking and education. New York Rout-ledge. 

For a rational design of immunoliposomes a clear insight into the factors which control the disposition of liposomes in vivo is crucial (see Sec. V). In addition, there are other critical factors relevant to the use of immunoliposomes ... 

Given that the pharmacological and biophysical properties of recombinant GABAa receptors have been shown to depend critically on their subunit composition, much effort has been directed towards understanding the assembly of native receptors. This could provide a rational basis for the design of compounds able to interact with specific... 

---