Validity, criterion-related

Use of an interview to select employees is common place. As such hundreds of studies have been conducted on various aspects of the employment interview process. It is now well established that using a structured employment interview process improves criterion-related validity (Schmidt and Hunter 1998). Furthermore, a number of very good papers have been published on the process of developing a structured employment interview (e.g., Barclay 2001 Campion et al. 1997 HuflFcutt 2011 Levashina et al. 2014). The research evidence is clear that developing and using a highly stractured interview process can help provide a valid and reliable measure of a job applicant s ability to perform a job. However, like all selection measures, an interview is more suited to the measurement of some competencies than others. 

Audit instruments can be evaluated on the basis of three different types of validity when linking the audit to safety performance. These are content-related, criterion-related, and construct-related procedures for accumulating evidence of validity (Anastasi 1988, 139). Content-related validity involves the examination of the audit content to determine whether it covers a representative sample of the behaviors to be measured. Criterion-related validity procedures indicate the effectiveness of an audit in predicting performance in specified activities. The performance on the audit is checked against a criterion that is considered a direct and independent measure of what the audit was intended to measure. The third type of validity, construct validity, is the extent to which the audit is said to be measuring a theoretical construct or trait. Construct validation requires accumulation of information from a variety of sources. 

When dealing with large populations, it may make good economic sense to use measures with relatively low criterion-related validity. However, individuals who are negatively affected by such measures will always have a pretty good argument that the measurement was unfair to them. 

Criterion-Related Validity of Incident-Based Measures... 

OBSERVATION HAS A HIGH DEGREE OF CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY. 

There is very little evidence of criterion-related validity of audits. The only substantial evidence we found was a demonstration that maintenance audits correlated with accident rates in a set of 25 manufacturing plants. 

The SHE performance indicator must also be a valid indicator of the risk of loss. We are especially concerned with so-called criterion-related validity. We have to ask whether the SHE performance indicator actually measures what we intend to measure, in our case the risk of losses due to accidents. Since accidents are rare events, we also look for other types of SHE performance indicators such as the frequency of unsafe acts and conditions. In risk analyses, we predict the frequency and consequences of accidents. Accident statistics are then used to validate the methods (Suokas, 1985). 

Hence, the correct thermodynamic criterion of the kinetic irreversibility at any step in the chemical transformation chain is a considerable (against quantity RT) change in the chemical potential of the reaction groups related to this step—that is, A j > RT. Note that the criterion is valid for both elementary and stepwise reaction, although in the latter case, one must consider the affinity for the stepwise transformation A,2 > RT. 

As mentioned above, test validity is a complex and ambiguoirs topic. Basically, one can break this domain into two primary categories (1) psychometric validities, including criterion-based validities (which address—either in the future [predictive] or simultaneously [concurrent]—the relationship(s) among predictors and criteria), and construct validity (which relates predictors to psychologictil con-... 

Criterion-related evidence validity refers to the relationship between the score obtained using the instrument and score obtained using one or more other instruments or criteria. How strong is the relationship between the variables How well do the scores estimate the present performance or predict future performance of a certain type ... 

Validity relates to whether you are measuring what you want to measure. When we measure the width of a room, the question of validity usually does not arise. When we are measuring a complex process, such as aptitude to perform well in college or the ability of the safety-management system in a plant to prevent future loss, validity becomes a serious question. Scientists (Chronbach and Meeh 1955) generally define three categories of validity content-related, criterion-related, and construct-related validity. 

Because criteria are usually somewhat arbitrary, and because there is often no single, ultimate criterion, it is best to use several criteria when attempting to establish criterion-based validity. Doing so will not only make it somewhat more likely that you will establish this validity but likely increase your understanding of the measure you are testing. This brings us to the concept of construct-related validity. 

There are very few studies on criterion-based validity of audits. Bailey and Petersen (1989, Polk 1987) describe an attempt to relate safety-program characteristics with accident statistics and monetary losses in a very large study of railroads. They surveyed 18 railroads and scored the them on the following areas of safety programs ... 

This expression, known as the completeness relation and sometimes as the closure relation, is valid only if the set of eigenfunctions is complete, and may be used as a mathematical test for completeness. Notice that the completeness relation (3.31) is not related to the choice of the arbitrary function /, whereas the criterion (3.30) is related. 

An additional key validation criterion for early phase methods is an evaluation of solution stability to establish that the API and related substances do not degrade in the solvent system used for sample preparation. This allows for limits to be set for solution lifetime. 

Surface Potential. Shah and Schulman have proposed that interaction between dipoles of uncharged lipids in mixed monolayers should result in a change in surface potential, AV. Linearity of the relation of AV to composition of the lecithin-cholesterol monolayer was taken to indicate absence of interaction (17). We do not agree with Shah and Schulman, since surface potential does not appear to be a valid criterion for assaying interaction between dipoles of uncharged lipids. Except for the speculations of Shah and Schulman (17, 18), there is neither theoretical nor experimental evidence that dipole-dipole interactions have... 

The Plastics Directive foresees a QM value as a restriction criterion for ECH. As a consequence a pre-validated QM method was developed in the BCR project entitled Determination of the residual content of epichlorohydrin (ECH) in coatings . Similar to the BADGE discussion to justify determination of an area-related QM value, in this method it is stated that epichlorohydrin is mainly used in coatings on a non-plastic support. Therefore the amount of coating on a final article (e.g. coated cans) cannot be determined within an acceptable accuracy and, in consequence, the amount of residual epichlorohydrin should be measured and related to the area and given in mg/ dm2. The method was found to be appropriate for the quantitative determination of ECH at 1 pg per dm2 of coating. In general this allows for the detection of ECH at the level of 1 mg/kg polymer. 

The validity of the linear theory observed for the early stage of spinodal decomposition is chiefly related to the large size of the chain molecules. As shown above, characteristic quantities as the time t or the wavelength Am(0) of the fastest growing fluctuation are proportional to Ro and Rg, respectively. Furthermore, the Landau-Ginzburg criterion (cf. condition 2)) ensures that the mean-field regime is sufficiently extended. 

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