Total annual unit cost

Total annual unit costs consisting of annual cost of capital, depreciation, operation and maintenance cost, and energy cost for medium, low, and high flow rates are summarized in Table 7.18. 

Total annual unit costs for the complete BAT system, which includes components described in the BPT system for the three different flow rates, are summarized in Table 7.19. 

Total Annual Unit Cost for BPT Level of Treatment in 2008 U.S. Dollars... 

The most recent study was conducted by CC Technologies Laboratories, Inc. (circa 1999 to 2001), with support by the Federal Highways Administration and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, International. The results of the study show that the (estimated) total annual direct costs of corrosion in the United States are 276 billion, i.e., about 3.1 percent of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP). That... 

Solution. The break-even point (Fig. 6-3) occurs when the total annual product cost equals the total annual sales. The total annual product cost is the sum of the fixed costs (including fixed charges, overhead, and general expenses) and the direct production costs for n units per year. The total annual sales is the product of the number of units and the selling price per unit. Thus... 

It is now possible to calculate unit costs of conversion for comparison with sales price per unit. For a single product, project unit costs are simply calculated by dividing total annual production costs by the number of" units produced. Unit costs therefore reflect capacity utilization, and this is a critical factor in calculating unit costs. For multiple-product projects without any historical data on which to base fixed cost allocations, it is generally better to only calculate the contribution per unit (sales revenue less variable cost) to covering fixed costs and profit. 

According to the AWWA industry database, there was in 1995 approximately 1.5 X 10 km of municipal water piping in the United States. The sewer system consisted of more than 16 thousand publicly owned treatment facilities releasing some 155 x 10 m of wastewater per day. The total annual direct cost of corrosion for the nation s drinking water and sewer systems was estimated at... 

Increasing the chosen value of process energy consumption also increases all temperature differences available for heat recovery and hence decreases the necessary heat exchanger surface area (see Fig. 6.6). The network area can be distributed over the targeted number of units or shells to obtain a capital cost using Eq. (7.21). This capital cost can be annualized as detailed in App. A. The annualized capital cost can be traded off against the annual utility cost as shown in Fig. 6.6. The total cost shows a minimum at the optimal energy consumption. 

MW) Annual hot utility cost (10 yr ) Otnin arw) Annual cold utility cost (10 yr ) NETWORK vn) UNITS Annualized capital cost (10 yr ) Annualized total cost d0 yr )... 

Between 1979 and 1991, the amounts of herbicide apphed in the United States have remained constant, but the expenditures on herbicides have increased 54%. Agricultural costs accounted for ah. of this increase and more, since herbicide user expenditures in the government/commercial and home sectors combined dropped 3 to 4% during that period. Increased weed control costs related to crop protection have also contributed to the 37% increase, since 1988, in total annual user expenditures for pesticides in general, ie, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. In the United States, agricultural uses (ca 1993) account for more than 67% of total pesticide user expenses and 75% of the quantity used annually. Herbicides are now the lea ding type of pesticides in terms of both user expenditures and volumes used (1). 

Figure 17.9 shows a heat exchanger network designed with the minimum number of units and to satisfy the energy target at ATmi = 20°C. On the basis of the following utilities and cost data, it has a total annual cost of 14.835 x 106 ( -y 1). 

There is a need for a basin outdoors and no storage of slurry inside. The slurry is washed to the basin by the treated waste. The extra investment for 500 pigs is Dfl. 25.000,-. For larger units it is relative cheaper. The total annual costs (investment and running) are for a 500-pig unit Dfl. 20,-/pig place. For a 1000-pig unit the total costs go down to about Dfl. 11,-per pig place (Poelma, 8). 

Kroodsma (6) studied the use of a filter to separate the urine and the faeces. The main target is to transport the mixture of faeces and some straw to arable farmers and spread the urine on own farmland. But a side effect of direct separation is a reduction of the emission of odours. This separation system is relative expensive, especially in modem pighouses with transverse channels. For a 500-pig unit the extra investment is at least Dfl. 70,- per pig place. The total annual costs are Dfl. 5,- per pig place. In a pighouse with channels in length this system is cheaper and this difference increases when the house is longer. 

Estimated annual production Explosive average unit cost Taggant concentration Encapsulated/ unencapsulated (total pounds) Taggant cost per pound Increased cost per unit of explosives Increase in explosive cost Annual cost for taggant materials (dollars in thousands)... 

---