Crater base effects

This is realized as the sputtering front follows the initial surface topography. If this is not parallel to any subsurface interface or feature/s of interest, the apparent sharpness of the interface/feature/s will be a convolution of both the surface topography and the abrnptness of the interface/feature. These effects, referred to as crater base effects within this text, are covered in Section S.3.2.4.3. 

Even if all possible measures to improve depth resolution are applied, there still exist the effects of the primary ion beam-induced damage experienced by the substrate as a result of the sputtering process. These are discussed in Section 5.3.2.4.1. Crater edge effects and crater base effects can also result in the loss of depth resolution. These are discussed in Sections 5.3.2.4.2 and 5.3.2.4.3, respectively. Dynamic range pertains to the range of concentrations of a specific element or molecule that can be examined in a particular depth profile. As can be envisaged, this depends on the detection limit and on the detector type or combinations thereof (detectors are covered in Section 4.2.3.3). 

In the case of primary ion pulsed Time-of-Fhght-based SIMS instruments, crater edge effects can be removed by rastering the primary ion analysis beam over a smaller region centered within the middle of the primary ion sputter beam raster pattern. 

Although this method is not commonly used outside of the research environment, it does provide absolute overall sputter yield information (overall, because this includes the effects of ion implantation if apparent), a fact realized as the mass removed is measured. In addition, this can be useful in cases where neither stylus profilometry nor optical profilometry is applicable. Disadvantages associated with this method lie in the fact that this does not reveal the condition of the initial surface nor the crater base formed, both of which are important if high-depth resolution is required. Extreme care must be employed when carrying out such measurements. 

Some wave phenomena, familiar to many people from the human senses, include the easy undulation of water waves from a dropped stone or the sharp shock of the sonic boom from high-speed aircraft. The great power and energy of shock events is apparent to the human observer as he stands on the rim of the Meteor Crater of Arizona. Human senses provide little insight into the transition from these directly sensed phenomena to the high-pressure, shock-compression effects in solids. This transition must come from development of the science of shock compression, based on the usual methods of scientific experimentation, theoretical modeling, and numerical simulation. 

Cratering Effect Tests, These tests are based on employment of the expl under actual operating conditions. Crater formation is illustrated in the following Fig ... 

Figure 4. Examples of direct and diffuse solar irradiance and a correction factor for diffuse path length in measurements (Hargreaves, unpublished). (A) Diffuse fraction of irradiance as a function of solar zenith angle during summer, 1996, L. Lacawac, Pennsylvania (41.3°N) and August 2001, Crater Lake, Oregon (42.9°N). (B) Calculated correction [17] to remove effects of irradiance field from near-surface diffuse attenuation (K ) measurements, based on data in part (A).

Uses Defoamer for latex and high pH systems, paints, coatings, and adhesives based on SBR, acrylic arid polyvinyl acetate latex systems Features Will not cause fisheyes or cratering stable and effective to pH 11... 

Uses Defoamer for paints based on syn. latexes provides rapid bubble break and smooth, tisheye and crater-free films when rolled out Features Economical highly effective exc. persistence Foam Blast 384E [ROSS Chem]... 

For hard and moderately strong rock, it is assumed, based on the above-mentioned references, that for a scaled cover depth above 1.2 no cratering occurs that produces relevant debris throw into the surroundings. This does not imply, however, that there will be no explosion effects at all at the surface. Loose rock may be displaced, and spalling and a... 

Whereas organic oils do sometimes not perform effectively but usually show good compatibility, filled silicone oils are highly active but very incompatible and tend to separate from the bulk or induce faults such as craters in paints and inks. Antifoams based on organo-modified siloxanes can surpass traditional formulations in performance because they combine excellent activity with good compatibility (Fig. 20). 

Uses Defoamer for syn. latex-based adhesives, paper coatings, paper sizing Features Very effective at low dosages does not cause cratering or fisheyes Properties Water-disp. 100% act. 

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