Cranial treatment

The sphenobasilar junction is the reference point around which diagnostic motion patterns are described. This does not imply that the dysfunction originated or is generated from the point. These general patterns represent the adaptation of the cranium to strain. The strain may be the result of dysfunction anywhere in the body. Cranial treatment is most effective when it is part of a complete osteopathic treatment plan. 

The osieopathic manipulative treatment of L.D. was performed while she was sleeping. Palpation for cranial motion and treatment with cranial techniques is difficult in an infant because they are, for the most part, continuously moving. For this reason, it is best to conduct a cranial examination and treatment as the infant is asleep or being fed. The dysfunctions found on the osteopathic examination of L.D. were addressed with balancing of membranous tension, decompression ofthe occipital condyles, and other cranial techniques, as well as sacral balancing. At the conclusion ofthe cranial treatment, L.D. was able to latch-on successfully to her mother s... 

The child was treated with the Galbreath technique bilaterally, myofascial release to the cervical spine, lymphatic pump to the thorax, and cranial treatment of the temporal bones and release of the condylar compression. 

A recent patent application from Roche [352] described a 2-amino-benzothiazole series. Roche claimed that compound (605) exhibited an IC50 value of 0.73 uM at CBi, and showed in excess of 10-fold selectivity over the CB2 receptor. The compounds were described as being of potential use in the treatment of a range of diseases, including CNS and psychiatric disorders, type-2 diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular disorders, infertility disorders, inflammation, cancer, atherosclerosis, cerebral vascular incidents and cranial trauma. 

The prevalence of CNS disease at diagnosis of AML ranges from 5% to 30% in various treatment series. Features associated with the risk of CNS leukemia include hyperleukocytosis, monocytic or myelomonocytic leukemia (FAB M4 or M5), and young age. In most cases, intrathecal cytarabine with or without methotrexate and systemic high-dose cytarabine provide adequate CNS prophylaxis.3 Results from studies have shown that patients with CNS disease at diagnosis can be cured with intrathecal therapy alone without the use of cranial irradiation.11... 

In leukemia, the intensified use of methotrexate and glucocorticoids is responsible for causing an increased frequency of neurotoxicity and, in older children and adults, avascular necrosis of bone. High cumulative doses of anthracyclines can cause cardiomyopathy. Cranial irradiation causes neuropsychologic deficits and endocrine abnormalities that lead to obesity, short stature, precocious puberty, and osteoporosis.3 As newer and more intensive treatments enter clinical trials, close observation for long-term side effects will assume even greater importance.24... 

Giant cell arteritis (cranial or temporal arteritis) is an inflammatory condition that may affect any of the large arteries, especially the temporal and occipital arteries. The thickened temporal arteries may be tender and non-pulsatile, with erythema and oedema of the overlying skin. Early treatment with high-dose corticosteroids such as prednisolone is essential and should be continued for a minimum of 2-3 years at a reduced dose. 

Seizures Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. Discontinue bupropion and do not restart in patients who experience a seizure while on treatment. Use extreme caution when bupropion is administered to patients with a history of seizure, cranial trauma, or other predisposition(s) toward seizure, or prescribed with other agents (eg, antipsychotics, other antidepressants, theophylline, systemic steroids) that lower seizure threshold. 

JF Innes, AR Barr, M Sharif. Efficacy of oral calcium pentosan polysulphate for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the canine stifle joint secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency. Veterinary Rec 146 433-437, 2000. 

Concurrent therapy for the treatment of more than three brain metastases using paclitaxel and radiation has been explored in a phase III trial (144). The hypothesis here being that high-dose paclitaxel in combination with cranial radiation should improve local control while providing systemically active amounts of chemotherapy. Unfortunately, there was no statically significant improvement in survival seen. There is certainly a place to further explore the benefits and toxicides experienced with concurrent taxane-based therapy with radiation in metastatic disease. The role of the taxanes in concurrent chemoradiotherapy with sarcomas and pediatric tumors has not been explored at this time. 

It is a potent selective S-HT receptor agonist used in the treatment of migraine. The 5HTjp receptor is found dominantly in cranial blood vessel. It activates other... 

In the second half of the 1970s, an additional treatment element was introduced, a so-called re-induction or delayed re-intensification phase (16,17). For certain patient populations, CNS-directed therapy may include preventive or therapeutic cranial radiotherapy as an additional treatment component to enhance specific targeting of leukemic cells in the CNS (18,19). Depending on the protocol, the overall treatment duration varies from 2 to 3 years. 

A second study conducted at St. Jude, Total Therapy Study XII, reported on a higher incidence of brain tumors in childhood ALL patients with lower TPMT activity who had received cranial radiotherapy concurrent with 6-MP treatment in the initial maintenance phase (204). Six out of 52 patients receiving cranial radiotherapy with concurrent 6-MP treatment developed a brain tumor. Of these 6 patients, 4 had RBC 6-TGN levels above the 70th percentile for the entire cohort of 52 patients, and 3 patients were heterozygous for TPMT. 

Kamps WA, Bokkerink JP, Hahlen K et al. Intensive treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia according to ALL-BFM-86 without cranial radiotherapy results of the Dutch Childhood Leukemia Study Group protocol ALL-7 (1988-91). Blood 1999 94 1226-1236. 

Clofibrate has a mild antidiuretic effect (13), and animal studies suggest that this is due to release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (14). This effect has been used in the treatment of cranial diabetes insipidus (15). 

Sieche A, Giedke H. Treatment of primary cranial dystonia (Meige s syndrome) with clozapine. J Clin Psychiatry 115. 2000 61(12) 949. 

Laaksonen R, Niiranen A, Iivanainen M, Mattson K, Holsti L, Farkkila M, Cantell K. Dementia-like, largely reversible syndrome after cranial irradiation and prolonged interferon treatment. Ann Clin Res 1988 20(3) 201-3. 

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmime disease that affects the neuromuscular junction.A decrease in the number of available acetylcholine receptors due to circulating antibodies results in impaired neuromuscular transmission. This impairment manifests clinically as weakness and fatigability of volimtary musculature. Ocular and other muscles innervated by cranial nerves are most often involved. Although different treatment modalities are available, anticholinesterase drugs remain the mainstay of therapy. 

The pharmacologic treatment of myasthenia gravis is based on increasing the amount of available acetylcholine by use of oral cholinesterase inhibitors such as neostigmine or pyridostigmine. Pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon) is used most often and effectively relieves myasthenic symptoms in small muscles innervated by cranial nerves, particularly those involved in ptosis. 

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