Cowpox

Quenelle DC, Collins DJ, Wan WB, Beadle JR, Hostetler KY, Kern ER (2004) Oral treatment of cowpox and vaccinia virus infections in mice with ether Upid esters of ddofovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 404-412... 

DNA viruses Poxviruses Variola Vaccinia Large particles 200 x 250nm complex symmetry Variola is the smallpox virus. It produces a systemic infection with a characteristic vesicular rash affecting the face, arms and legs, and has a high mortality rate. Vaccinia has been derived from the cowpox virus and is used to immunize against smallpox... 

The development and widespread use of vaccines is one of the greatest public health achievements of the twentieth century. Other than safe drinking water, no other modality has had a greater impact on reducing mortality from infectious diseases. The first accounts of deliberate inoculation to prevent disease date back as far as the tenth century. However it wasn t until 1798 that Edward Jenner published his work on inoculation of natural cowpox as a means to prevent infection with smallpox. This was the first scientific attempt to prevent infection by inoculation. Since 1900, vaccines have been developed against more than 20 diseases, with half of these recommended for... 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, vesicular exanthema of swine, rinderpest, infectious bovine rhinopneumon-itis, bovine virus diarrhea, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue, bovine papular stomatitis, mycotic stomatitis, photosensitization, cowpox, pseudo-cowpox, pseudo-lumpy skin disease, bovine herpes mammillitis, Potomac Valley fever in horses, foot rot, chemical burns, and thermal burns. 

Yes. Vaccinia vaccine is recommended for laboratory workers who directly handle cultures, animals contaminated or infected with, nonhighly attenuated vaccinia virus, recombinant vaccinia viruses derived from nonhighly attenuated vaccinia strains, or other orthopoxviruses that infect humans. These would include monkeypox, cowpox, vaccinia, and variola. Other health-care workers, such as physicians and nurses whose contact with nonhighly attenuated vaccinia viruses is limited to contaminated materials such as medical dressings but who adhere to appropriate infection control measures, are at lower risk for accidental infection than laboratory workers. However, because a theoretical risk for infection exists, vaccination can be offered to this group. Vaccination is not recommended for people who do not directly handle nonhighly attenuated virus cultures or materials or who do not work with animals contaminated or infected with these viruses. 

In the late 1700s, Jenner heard that people who worked with cattle and had caught the cowpox disease (a mild disease related to smallpox) were immune and never caught smallpox. In 1796, he proceeded to inoculate a boy using the fluid from the blister of a woman with cowpox. The boy developed cowpox. Two months later, Jenner inoculated the boy with fluids from the blister of a smallpox sufferer. The boy became immune and did not get smallpox. 

The dehnition of vaccination, in the strict use of the term, stems from the work of Edward Jenner with cowpox and smallpox. Jenner invented the Latin name Variolae vaccinea for cowpox. From this, the term vaccination arose. 

Dimethylbiguanide has been said (232) to be analgesic, antipyretic, non-toxic and possibly of value as an anti-influenza drug, but its antipyretic properties have not been confirmed (675) The compound inhibits the course of cowpox, influenza A, pneumonia and measles (676). 

The word vaccination comes from vaccinia, the name of the virus now known to cause cowpox vaca is the Latin word for cow ). The term vaccination is now broadly used to describe the process of causing a mild disease in order to protect a person from a more dangerous disease. Vaccination is one form of immunization, exposing the body to a material to stimulate a protective response from the immune system. Vaccination is routinely used to prevent many illnesses, including measles, rnmnps, German measles (rubella), chicken pox, and polio. Many of these illnesses have disappeared or become very rare in developed countries that provide widespread vaccinations. Smallpox has been eradicated worldwide, thanks to... 

Cowpox—Virus related to the smallpox virus, it causes a mild disease in cows and humans and is used to protect people against smallpox. 

Jenner used pustular material from a cowpox lesion as an inoculum instead of similar material from a smallpox lesion. For this experiment, he inoculated cowpox lesion material from the hand of a milkmaid into the skin of an 8-year-old boy (Figure 1.1). The boy resisted variolation when challenged with smallpox about 6 weeks later. During another outbreak, several more inoculations were performed, and subsequent inoculations took place by arm-to-arm transfer of infectious material. Two years later, Jenner wrote The Inquiry (An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae, a disease discovered in some of the Western countries of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of Cow Pox). By 1799, Jenner s observations had been confirmed by several other practitioners, and over 1000 people had received the cowpox vaccine. Within another 3 years, the practice of cowpox inoculations had spread across Europe to North America and Asia, utilizing... 

In 1798 Edward Tenner published the classc memoir, An Inquiry into the Causes and Effect of the Variolae Vacciniae, documenting how inoculation with cowpox protected humans against smallpox infection [1]. Louis Pasteur s formulation of the germ theory extended the understanding of this kind of protection against infection [1,2]. About 100 years later, isolation of the diphtheria bacihus and description of a protective substance (antitoxin) by Roux and Yersin demonstrated that the protective substance found in the serum of immunized animals can be transferred to susceptible animals and thereby confer passive immunity [4]. The antitoxin or... 

Domestic animals have been incredibly useful for discovering novel approaches to combat major disease problems in humans for centuries. Without question, the most notorious infectious disease of all time with a prominent skin lesion was smallpox. Descriptions by Barron (1) remind us of the severity of the skin disease, even though the viral infection involved many other organs. Jenner s controversial work, first published in 1798, based on interspecies transmission of cowpox or, more likely, horsepox, from its natural host to human caretakers who subsequently were immune to smallpox infection lead to the development of vaccines (derived from the Latin word vaccinus, which means relating to a cow)... 

Given the common and sometimes fatal weakness of the adaptive immune response in its interaction with infectious agents, various means to enhance the activity of the immune system have been developed. One, and the oldest, of these approaches is vaccination, which started in 1796 with Jenner s cowpox vaccine (8) and is of course ongoing today. 

Cowpox (8-year-old boy, with permission) Black vomit (yellow fever, self)... 

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