Cotton insecticides

Endrin [72-20-8] is l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-l,4,4t ,5,8,8t -hexahydro-6,7-epoxy-l,4- <7o, <7o-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene (35) (mp 245 dec, vp 0.022 mPa at 25°C) and is soluble in water to 23 / g/L. It is produced by a Diels-Alder reaction of hexachloronorbomadiene with cyclopentadiene, followed by epoxidation. This reaction produces the endo,endo isomer of dieldrin, which is less stable and more toxic with rat LD q values of 17.8 and 7.5 (oral) and 15 (dermal) mg/kg. It is used as a cotton insecticide but because of its high toxicity to fish it has been restricted. 

Cotton growth regulators, 13 54 Cotton insecticide use, 18 533-534 Cotton mill, 8 1... 

Leptophos [21609-90-5], O-methyl 0-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) phenylphosphonothioate (80) (mp 71°C), is soluble in water to 0.03 mg/L. The rat oral LD5Qs are 53, 45 mg/kg. Leptophos has been extensively used as a cotton insecticide but is a delayed neurotoxin. 

Parathion la Third biggest selling cotton insecticide worldwide (US 60 million). Applied to cotton in Greece and China. 

Methamidophos lb Fourth biggest selling cotton insecticide worldwide (US 51 million). Dominant cotton pesticide in Argentina, Mexico. Also used in Brazil, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Greece, Spain, Thailand, USA and Vietnam. 

Howie. B. (1992). A view on cotton insecticide strategies. Australian Coltangnnver 13, 70-71. 

Leng, M.L. Lavy, T.L. Ramsey, J.C. Braun, W.H, "Review of Studies with 2,4,5-T in Humans Including Applicators under Field Conditions," Paper presented at the American Chemical Society Symposium on Worker Exposure, Washington, O.C., 1981. Lincoln, C. Lavy, T. "EPN Usage as a Cotton Insecticide," project completion report to the Southern Region Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, Washington, D.C., 1981. 

S. are especially active against moths and butterflies (lepidopterans). Spinosad (Tracer ) is a mixture of S. A and S. D, marketed as a cotton insecticide. 

While solid m.p. 95 -96 - C, soluble in organic solvents. An insecticide similar to chlordane. Used to control cotton boll weevil. 

Sulfur and its compounds are among the oldest and most widely used pesticides. Elemental sulfur is especially effective as a dust for the control of mites attacking citms, cotton, and field crops and as a protectant against chiggers, Trombicula spp., attacking humans. Sulfur also is a valuable fungicidal diluent for other dust insecticides and is used in wettable form as a spray mixture. Time sulfur has been a standard dormant spray for the control of the San Jose Quadraspidiotuspemiciosus and for other scales and various plant diseases. Time sulfur is a water-soluble mixture of calcium pentasulfide,... 

Pests and Insecticides. The most destmctive pests of the cotton plant are the boU weevil and the boUworm/budworm complex. They are serious threats to the cotton industry in countries around the world. The boU weevil migrated from Mexico around 1892 and spread over the entire cotton belt within 30 years. The domestic cotton crop lost to the weevil is worth 200 million a year. In addition, about 75 million a year is spent for pesticides to control this destmctive pest (8). Unfortunately, some insecticides used to control the weevil kill many beneficial insects. Among the undesired casualties are insects that help to control the boUworm and the tobacco budworm, pests that cause another 200 million loss in cotton. 

Toxaphene zero 0.003 Kidney, liver, or thyroid problems increased risk of cancer Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle... 

As a result of its use as an insecticide on cotton, fruit trees, vegetables, and other crops, methyl parathion is released directly to the atmosphere during application. It is applied primarily by spraying from aircraft or ground equipment (NPIRS 1986). Aerial application of methyl parathion to agricultural fields releases the insecticide to the air. 

Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide with outstanding systemic activities and a broad insecticidal spectrum. Acetamiprid controls diverse soil and foliar insect pests infesting cotton, sugar beet, vegetables, fruits and other major food crops by both contact and stomach action... 

Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide is a colorless oil, completely soluble in water, benzene, acetone, and many other common organic solvents except the paraffinic hydrocarbons. Its hydrolysis rate has not been measured, but it appears stable in the absence of alkali. In England, this systemic insecticide has been used to control aphids on hops. There it has been calculated that only a negligible quantity of the poison ultimately may find its way into the beer made from the hops. Despite calculations of this sort, the use of octamethyl pyrophosphoramide on food or fodder crops in this country is definitely not to be recommended. However, it may prove useful if properly applied to control certain insects, especially those attacking ornamental plants, such as rosebushes, and possibly on the cotton aphid and grape phylloxera. The compound has only recently been made available experimentally. 

Tests of dieldrin against cotton pests have not been as extensive, but the Mississippi 1950 Cotton Insect Control Recommendations state that it kills a larger proportion of immature weevils in squares than any other insecticide tested thus far and is considered very promising for cotton insect control (4). 

In the middle of the 1980s in the USSR, approximately 150 species acquired resistance to one of the various OCPs and OPPs used [3], and now require more complicated means of suppression. For example, until the 1950s, weevils and boll weevils were the main pests damaging cotton. After the widespread use of OCP insecticides - DDT, toxafene, and others - cottonworms, tobacco tortricids, tobacco aphids, spider mites and loopers must now be fought as well. Their number jumped after suppression of the first two target species. 

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