Costs generally

A great many commonly used arrangements have been developed in an effort to reduce or eliminate interstage pumping and to reduce costs generally. Only a few of the more commonly used types are mentioned here. 

Low-cost general purpose High-grade mechanical High-grade electrical... 

In safety applications, the corrosion resistance of the duct materials deserv es special consideration. Since material costs generally increase along with corrosion resistance, the selection of material must be determined by the desired life span in the anticipated environment this environment is a function of the characteristics of the chemical being processed and the operating conditions of the reactor. For maximum resistance to moisture or corrosive gases, stainless steel and copper are used where their cost can be justified. Aluminum sheet is used where lighter veight and superior resistance to moisture are needed. 

Polyethersulphone is the term given to certain polysulphones of improved heat resistance introduced by ICI. (In fact all commercial polysulphones are polyethersulphones.) Commercial polymers now have values of ranging from 190 to 285°C, but the cost generally increases sharply with T, and those at the higher end of the range may only be available to special order. 

Although tannins and lignins have been available for well over 50 years (and perhaps twice as long), they remain very useful as low-cost, general-purpose particulate-matter dispersants. Both tannins and lignins are coproducts of the wood pulping process... 

Even small increases in price could eliminate the advantage that a new product might enjoy over its already established rivals. Higher prices coupled with the uncertain performance of a new product and lack of customer familiarity with the chemical may deter customers from buying the new material. Thus, an increase in cost generally will not be reflected in a higher price, but in a decision by the manufacturer to forego production. 

The pyroelectric DTGS detector is a very useful low-cost, general purpose, wideband NIR detector well suited for use in FT-based analyzers. It is not normally used in scanning monochromators where higher sensitivity detectors are needed to match the lower optical throughput and discrete wavelength scanning requirements. 

Each company with sales to the NHS of more than 1 million per annum has to supply financial information and those with sales of between 1 million and 25 million will have to supply full audited accounts. Companies with NHS sales greater than 25 million will have to submit a full annual financial return (APR). Products with NHS sales of greater than 100 000 and 500 000 will have to be specifically identified. These annual returns cover the overall sales to the NHS and the costs incurred, such as research and development expenditure, manufacturing costs, general administrative costs, promotional expenditure and capital employed. (Details of specific produce costs or sales are not required.)... 

For in situ apphcations, the use of OxyVac costs only 25% to 30% more than the use of soil vacuum extraction or Dual Vacuum Extraction alone. The added costs are mostly due to expenses associated with the hydrogen peroxide distribution system. Costs generally range from 25 to 100 per ton of soil treated (D21576J, p. 2). 

The total manufacturing expenses are the sum of direct costs, indirect costs, general expenses, and depreciation. 

Leclancte Zn + 2M11O2 + 2 NH4CI — 1.5 020 80 low cost, general purpose, Eveready... 

Extender pigments are low-cost, generally colorless or white pigments with a refractive index less than 1.7. Sometimes diese pigments are also referred to as fillers. Many extenders are derived from natural sources and display many diverse properties. They are added to various formulations to improve technical and application properties and to reduce costs, Like pigments, extenders are dispersed in media in which they do not dissolve, but compared to pigments they do not have any significant coloristic properties. 

In general, polystyrene is used in applications where ease of fabrication and decorability arc required. Polystyrene has excellent electrical properties, good thermal and dimensional stability, lesistance to staining, and low cost. General purpose polystyrene is preferred where clarity is also of prime concern, Impact polystyrene is preferred where toughness is needed.)... 

Some of the more commonly used treatments approach the lower range of costs C 50— 100) expected for mechanical site preparation methods (Table 111). Approximately 10 - 15 should be added to the table values for application costs (generally for contract aerial applications). 

Given, then, the production rate and sales price, the total revenue for the project can be calculated (perhaps with allowance made for under-running in the first year or two as the faults are dealt with). It will cost money to get the product to market a sales force, advertising, cost of shipment and distribution, and so on. There may also be a royalty on sales payable to the owner of the technology used in the plant. These costs, generally called selling costs, are subtracted from the revenues to derive the sum that actually gets back to the project - the factory netback . 

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