Cost of complexity

Solvation/desolvation effects in the cryptand also complicate the expected simple dependence of stability constant on host basicity. For example the aliphatic cryptand O-bistren shows lower formation constants than the less basic aromatic analogues such as R3F, which we attribute to the greater desolvation cost of complexation with the former, more hydrophilic host. 

The outsourcing of C and D customers, for example, allows producers to save sales, logistics, and administration costs. Furthermore, a focus on their core customers allows them to reduce their cost of complexity significantly and at the same time enhance the profitability of their overall customer portfolio. Further important added value arises from the distributor s in-depth knowledge of regional markets and ability to design tailor-made packages. As a result of their broader market access, distributors are often able to increase the sales of dedicated product lines outsourced by suppliers. New customers may be attracted and switch to products... 

Whether automatic or advanced instrumentation really saves money is difficult to say. Initially the equipment costs more, but this is offset by a saving in labor. However, the old adage that if a thing can go wrong it will remains true, and maintenance costs of complex equipment are high. Finally, the calibration of such equipment can be difficult, and the software that so readily transforms the data can give rise to concern as to what has happened between the transducer and the final output. 

On the other hand, customers demand more and more differentiated offerings. If there is away you can deal with variety without its associated costs of complexity, you have got the best of both worlds— the variety that customers love, with the simplicity that employees and shareholders love. 

One of the challenges in designing a wideband MIMO system is tremendous processing requirements at the receiver. MIMO symbol detection involves detecting symbol from a complex signal at the receiver. This detection process is considerably complex as compared to single antenna system. Several MIMO detection techniques have been proposed [8], These detection techniques can be broadly divided into linear and non-linear detection methods. Linear methods offer low complexity with degraded BER performance as compared to non-linear methods. This paper focuses on non-linear detectors and makes an effort to improve BER performance at the cost of complexity and vice versa. ML and V-BLAST detectors [9],[10] are well known non-linear MIMO detection methods. ML outperforms VBLAST in BER performance, while VBLAST is lesser complex than ML. In [11],[12] a performance complexity trade off between the two methods have been reported. 

A 3x3 (NtxNr), 4x4, and 4-QAM 6x6 MIMO system is simulated. The symbols x,-and number of algorithm iterations (Nur) depends upon N, and QAM constellation size. For 3x3, 4-QAM system, x, equals 6 and it grows to 12 for 6x6,4-QAM system. Nitr is kept in the range of 10 to 20 in our simulations. Iterations are according to the system requirements. Larger Nur can result in better BER at the cost of complexity. However, the algorithm reaches saturation after a certain number of iterations and therefore Nur needs to be tuned carefully. Optimum value is taken after a number or trials to find the best BER with least complexity. 

Underlying much of the cost of complexity in the supply chain is the Pareto Law (the so-called 80 20 rule). Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) was an Italian industrialist, sociologist, economist and philosopher. In 1909 he identified that 80 per cent of the total wealth of Italy was held by just 20 per cent of the population. Thus was born the 80 20 rule that has been found to hold across many aspects of social and economic life. In Chapter 2 it was suggested that an 80 20 relationship exists with regard to customers and products, i.e. typically 80 per cent of the profit derives from 20 per cent of the customer and likewise 80 per cent of the profit comes from just 20 per cent of the products. Generally this 80 20 relationship applies across most elements of the supply chain and is a key contributor to complexity and hence cost. 

Lowering the cost of complexity avoiding overly expensive agility... 

Many organisations face challenges related to the risk of driving responsiveness over the top in the wrong areas of focus. Three examples illustrate the cost of complexity ... 

Here are some examples of actions to help reduce non-value-added costs of complexity ... 

Voice of the customer Sixsigma Supplier development Supplier partnerships Strategy translation Information system integration Internal alignment Cost of complexity Staff talent Align supply and demand Margins... 

Integrating spheres make it possible to perform many measurements, but their versatility comes with a cost of complex analysis. Much of the following information was taken from Labsphere publications (2014a and 2014b) we suggest that anyone considering the use of an integrating sphere for the first time read those or similar publications carefully. 

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