Cost charts

From such information even the inexperienced estimator can establish an approximation of the costs, provided he adequately visualizes the work functions and steps involved. From the same type of work reference, the experienced estimator can develop a realistic cost, usually expressed with certain contingencies to allow for unknown factors and changing conditions. The professional estimator wall normally develop cost charts and tables peculiar to the nature of his responsibilities and requirements of his employer. 

Rough feasibility estimate based on a general flowsheet using historial costs, charts, or the literature and using multiplying factors based on experience to scale for inflation, size differences, and tax rates. Examine Figure B. 1 for cost estimates based on entire plants as a function of capacity. 

The type of equipment required can be entered by using the mouse-activated buttons provided on the first worksheet. The user will then be asked a series of questions that appear on the screen. The user will be required to identify or enter the same information as would be needed to do the calculations by hand—that is, operating pressure, materials of construction, and the size of the equipment. The same information as contained in the cost charts and tables in Appendix A is embedded in the program, and the program... 

One of the most important characteristics of a thermosetting coating to achieve good mar-and-scratch resistance is the crosslink density of the coating (11,12). Crosslink density is a function of the amount of functionality and the degree of reaction of that functionality. The preceding cost chart shows that the functional... 

Equipment costs may be obtained from equipment vendors or published cost data. Published cost data are usually presented as cost versus capacity charts or expressed as a power law of capacity ... 

The pricing of a new chemical that will compete against other chemicals does involve the usual cost elements that set the price. However, it has been shown that an empirical approach may be of value. One empirical approach is the exclusion chart (7,8) developed in 1979 and modified several times over the years. The chart indicates the approximate volume that existing chemicals used for the same function have achieved at their price. There are exceptions where the new chemical can command a higher price and achieve comparable volume because it possesses a unique property. 

An important part of the decision-making tool flow chart (see Fig. 1) is the redefinition of the specifications by the sensor customer after the surveying and testing of commercial sensor systems. This process almost always involves a downgrading of the expectations of the sensor customer, but it can also force a reaUstic evaluation of what sensor information really needs to be made available and at what cost. 

FIG. 9-3 Breakeven chart showing fixed expense as a burden cost. 

The Dickson N method [R. A. Dickson, Chem. Eng., 54, 121-123 (November 1947)] is a variation of the detailed price takeoff. Various circiiits for each type of pipe are completely priced for a base size. Another chart gives an N faclor for all other pipe sizes. Multiplying the cost of the circuit for the base size by the appropriate N factor yields the estimated cost of the new circuit of the desired pipe size. The method depends for its accuracy on periodic repricing of the base-size circiiits in order to keep the base charts up to date. 

The work required to drive the turbine eompressor is reduced by lowering the compressor inlet temperature thus increasing the output work of the turbine. Figure 2-35 is a schematic of the evaporative gas turbine and its effect on the Brayton cycle. The volumetric flow of most turbines is constant and therefore by increasing the mass flow, power increases in an inverse proportion to the temperature of the inlet air. The psychometric chart shown shows that the cooling is limited especially in high humid conditions. It is a very low cost option and can be installed very easily. This technique does not however increase the efficiency of the turbine. The turbine inlet temperature is lowered by about 18 °F (10 °C), if the outside temperature is around 90 °F (32 °C). The cost of an evaporative cooling system runs around 50/kw. 

Once the bids are tabulated for specification compliance in the form of a chart for easy review by all others involved in the project, an overall evaluation should be made, factoring in energy cost, first cost, and time value of money using an established economic equation. Most companies have a standardized formula. If the data are available, total cost of ownership can be estimated, which for larger equipment is considered a good measure for evaluation. 

Having completed the risk analyses, computed the uncertainties, and identified critical systems by importance measures (which also identifies valuable systems improvements having low costs), the PSA results must be presented. An executive summary compares the risk of operations that were analyzed with the risks of similar operations. It identifies and explains the main contributors to the risk to people untrained in PSA and statistical methods. Figure 6.3-5 shows two pie-charts that show the risk contributions of various initiators for PWRs and BWRs. A chart similar to one of these would be an effective way of showing the risk contributions in simplified form. 

Each cell in the chart defines a model chemistry. The columns correspond to differcni theoretical methods and the rows to different basis sets. The level of correlation increases as you move to the right across any row, with the Hartree-Fock method jI the extreme left (including no correlation), and the Full Configuration Interaction method at the right (which fuUy accounts for electron correlation). In general, computational cost and accuracy increase as you move to the right as well. The relative costs of different model chemistries for various job types is discussed in... 

Ganapathy, V, Two Charts Ease Heat-Exchanger Replacements and Reproduction Costs, Oil and Gas Journal, Feb. 19, (1979) p. 104. 

Additional Features. Additional features are important since they can affect bit cost, applications and performance. The fourth character of the lADC code is used to indicate additional features. Eleven such alphabetic characters are presently defined as shown in Table 4-91 [44]. Additional alphabetic characters may be utilized as required by future roller bit designs. Although the fourth character does not appear on the lADC bit comparison chart, it appears everywhere else that the lADC code is recorded such as on the shipping container and bit record. 

To prepare a project control chart, refer to the work breakdown structure and list all of the tasks of the project. Then, use the schedule to list the time planned to complete each task, and use the budget to list the expected cost of each task. 

As each project task is completed, record the actual time and actual cost. Calculate variances and carry the cumulative total forward. This technique can easily be put into a spreadsheet format on your personal computer. Some large projects may be able to create this format for a report that uses cost and schedule data that is routinely captured by the company s computerized accounting system. Figure 51.10 illustrates a typical project control chart. 

The two most common designs of break-even charts are shown in Figures 61.9 and 61.10. In both cases the y (vertical) axis is used for sales (output) and costs while the X (horizontal) axis is used for volumes, capacity or time. 

---