Coprocessing

M. Ikura andj. F. Kelly, "A Techno-Economic Evaluation of CANMET Coprocessing Technology," Proceedings Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 1990, pp. 719—728. 

Keywords Coprocessing, Recycling, Urban solid waste management, Waste incineration, Waste-to-energy... 

Coprocessing is a technique that has been used in Europe, Japan, and the United States. It consists of transforming waste materials into alternative fuels and/or substitutes for raw materials. This enables reducing consumption of fossil fuels and helps preserve the environment. 

The waste materials from the separation process are prepared for coprocessing by a contracted firm. Different tests are carried out on the waste material at the Lafarge laboratories to control the calorific power, ash production, and presence of chlorides. These characteristics are extremely important for successful coprocessing [6]. An example of the trends of the results of these tests is shown in Fig. 9. 

The average calorific power of the material received for coprocessing, which in August 2010 was 3,898 kcal/kg, increased to 5,495 kcal/kg in September that year. The average ash content fell from 14.09% in August 2010 to 8.46% in the following month, while the concentration of chlorides fell from 1.02% to 0.37% in the same period. 

Fig. 9 Chemical analyses of the samples of materials for coprocessing from the waste separation and composting center...

The results of the tests to determine the calorific power show satisfactory values for coprocessing, be it for mixed materials, otherwise unusable material from separation or plastics in general. As observed by [6], the level of chlorides is closely related to the quantity of plastics in the mixture, and also depends on the type of plastic. 

There is a need for further studies of the calorific power, ash content, and level of chlorides in waste materials for coprocessing in the cement industry or for incineration to generate energy (WTE), considering the variability of the wastes produced at different times of the year and by different populations, as shown by the test results. 

Yan Da-Hai, Karstensen KH, Huang Qi-Fei, Wang Qi, Cai Min-Lin (2010) Coprocessing of industrial and hazardous wastes in cement kilns a review of current status and future needs in China. Environmental Engineering Science 27(l) 37-45... 

Furthermore zero waste efforts in Brazil to avoid hazardous consequences caused by additives, due to inappropriate handling of waste, are described. The city of Cantagalo is one of the first in Brazil to establish organised separation and treatment of solid wastes for reuse. The separation with proper allocation for coprocessing of the waste not suitable for recycling or composting is a laudable solution from both an environmental and economic standpoint. 

The coprocessing of coal in gasification processes together with biomass (C02 separation and sequestration, sulfur species removal, and trace element emissions)... 

Coal liquefaction, 6 765-766, 832-869 coprossing, 6 856-858 direct, 6 833-858 indirect, 6 858-867 use of steam in, 23 239-240 Coal mining, 6 744-745 Coal-oil coprocessing, 6 833, 856-857 Coal petrography, 6 706-709 Coal petrology, 6 706 Coals, ash properties of, 72 324t Coal slurry pipelines, 6 748 Coal tar... 

The two studies, taken together, suggest that tetryl, not TNT, leads to the formation of picrate, since neither the LANL results nor the Holston results showed the formation of picrate in the absence of tetryl. If this is correct, the formation of lead picrate cannot occur when Composition B and M28 propellant are coprocessed, provided no tetryl contamination is present. The solubility of lead picrate in the reaction medium under consideration is not known. Because lead in solution at high pH is predominantly in the form of plumbite ion (HPb02), the concentration of free Pb2+ ions should be very low, and the solubility product of lead picrate would have to be exceedingly small for... 

Five sets of mass and energy balances have been produced (1) GB projectiles and rockets coprocessing,... 

VX projectiles and rockets coprocessing, (4) VX rockets alone (after all VX projectiles are gone), and (5) HD projectiles alone. Processing rates have been selected, as shown in Table 5-6. 

In coal-oil coprocessing, coal is slurried in petroleum residuum rather than in recycle solvent, and both the coal and petroleum components are converted to high-quality fuels in the slurry reactor. This variation offers the potential for significant cost reduction by ehminating or... 

The amount of agent-contaminated wastes to be disposed of during closure is estimated to be approximately 5.8 million pounds, according to the Facility Closure Plan (Table 1 in the Plan) (U.S. Army, 2000a). This quantity includes (1) waste stored on-site as of April 2000, (2) predicted increases in waste until the end of the munitions campaign (completed November 2000), (3) coprocessing of heavy machinery, (4) USACAP waste inventory, and (5) closure wastes from dismantlement and decontamination primarily in the MDB. Approximately 2.1 million pounds is expected from the dismantlement of the first and second floors of the MDB and the HVAC systems. In addition, approximately... 

Characterization management plan Concurrent coprocessing Regulatory reviews ... 

Stripping steam should be adjusted and its influence on regenerator temperature observed. It should be high enough that no further drop in temperature is observed when the steam rate increases. If resid is added to the unit or coker gas oils are coprocessed, the steam rate to the stripper will usually be higher. When capacity of the unit is increased by raising reactor pressure, the stripper operation will require reoptimization. 

Avicel RC and CL are water-dispersible, colloidal, microcrystalline cellulose products made for use in liquid preparations. Avicel RC and CL are coprocessed mixtures of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. The amount of NaCMC can be determined using the IC method. About 10 g of Nasonex and about 25 mg of NaCMC NF are separately refluxed with 30 mL of glacial acetic acid for 2 h. The refluxed mixture is transferred to a 100-mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with purified water, and mixed. The ion chromatograph (IC) was equipped with a suppressed conductivity detector, a 4-mm CSRS suppressor, current at 50 mA, a 250 mm x 4-mm Ion CS 12A column and a 50 mm x 4 mm Ion CG 12A guard column. The mobile phase is 0.13% methanesulfonic acid in water with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Equal... 

Some excipients are specifically formulated as mixtures to obtain the required performance. Such excipients are often referred to as being coprocessed or compounded. These excipients make beneficial use of excipient-excipient interactions to derive improved functional performance in a particular type of application examples include... 

---