Copper pollution control

Erickson, S.J., N. Lackie, and T.E. Maloney. 1970. A screening technique for estimating copper toxicity to estuarine phytoplankton. Jour. Water Pollut. Control Feder. 42(8), Part 2 R270-R278. 

Peerson, F., "Neutralization-Clarification Tradeoff In Copper Removal," submitted to Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation. 

Harrison, W.G., Eppley, R.W. and Renger, E.H., 1977. Phytoplankton nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen budgets, and observations on copper toxicity controlled ecosystem pollution experiment. Bull. Mar. Sci., 27 44-57. 

OTHER COMMENTS used in the manufacture of bronzes, brass, and other copper alloys useful in the manufacture of electric wiring, electrical conductors, switches, and ammunition electroplated protective coatings and undercoats for nickel, chromium, zinc, etc. used in corrosion-resistant piping has also been used in cement, food, drugs, metallurgy, nylon, paper products, pigments, and dyes use as a pollution control catalyst. 

Ciainbelli, P. Parrella, P. and Vaccaro, S., Kinetics of soot oxidation on potassium-copper-vanadium catalyst, In Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control II, (Ed Crucq, A.) Elsevier Science Publishers,... 

Other Potential Adsorbents. While activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent, in the past 10 years considerable attention has been directed towards low-cost biosorbents. Activated carbon is expensive, and an alternative inexpensive adsorbent could drastically reduce the cost of an adsorption system. Many waste or naturally occurring materials have been investigated to assess their suitability. For water pollution control, the use of low-cost natural materials for the removal of copper has been studied for several materials. Other potential sorbents include peat, anaerobically digested sludge, kaolin and montmorillonite clay, treated bagasse, treated acacia bark, treated laurel bark and treated techtona bark, fly ash, Penicillium spinulosum, dyestuff-treated (Red) rice hulls and dyestuff-treated (Yellow) rice hulls, resins moss Catymperes delessertii Besch, water hyacinth (Eichomia crassipes), Rhizopus arrhizus, Cladosporium resinae and Penicillium italicum, tea leaves, amorphous iron hydroxide, and activated carbon. 

Pollution control obviously comes with a price tag. At each stage of new legislation the question of how costs can be reduced is raised. In recent years, major efforts have been made to recycle a number of industrially produced metals, particularly scrap copper. In the United States, more than half the copper used each year comes from recycling. Although reuse means less pollution, any eventual reduction in demand for products made from new raw materials can have economic repercussions for key segments of the industrial sector. 

Alkahne etching with ammonium hydroxide complexing is increasingly used because of its continuous operation, compatibility with most metallic and organic resists, high capacity for dissolved copper, and fast etch rates. Continuous (open-loop) spray machine chemical control systems are universally used. This operation provides constant etch rates, high work output, ease of control and replenishment, and improved pollution control. However, rinsing after... 

Chlorination. Direct chlorination has been the preferred technique for regeneration of cupric etchant because of its historically low cost, high rate, efficiency in recovery of copper, and pollution control. The cupric chloride-sodium chloride system (Table 34.1, no. 3) is suitable. Figure 34.2 shows a generalized process. Chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and sodium chloride solutions are automatically fed into the system as required. Sensing devices include oxidation-reduction instruments (Cu oxidation state), density (Cu concentration), level sensors. 

The oxides of 48 metals were screened by the Ttacor Co. in a project conducted for the U.S. National Air Pollution Control Administration to determine which were best suited for the removal of sulfur oxides from flue gases by chemical reaction (Thomas et al.. 1969). The screening was accomplished by consideration of the thermodynamic requirements for efficient sulfur oxide removal and product regeneration. Sixteen potential sorbents were selected as a result of this screening process. These were the oxides of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, tin, bismuth, cerium, thorium, and uranium. 

Benzotriazole is incorporated to prevent blackening of the metal in sulphur-rich atmospheres where copper sulphide might be deposited. This is less of a problem since the introduction of pollution controls, but it may still cause problems in some enviromnents. 

Alloys of nonferrous metals, primarily the brasses (copper and zinc) and the bronzes (copper and tin), can cause an air pollution problem during melting and casting. The type and degree of emissions depend on the furnace and the alloy. Control systems consist of hoods over the furnaces and pouring stahons to collect the hot gases, ducts and fans, and baghouses or ESPs. 

The most efficient processes in Table I are for steel and alumintim, mainly because these metals are produced in large amounts, and much technological development has been lavished on them. Magnesium and titanium require chloride intermediates, decreasing their efficiencies of production lead, copper, and nickel require extra processing to remove unwanted impurities. Sulfide ores produce sulfur dioxide (SO2), a pollutant, which must be removed from smokestack gases. For example, in copper production the removal of SO, and its conversion to sulfuric acid adds up to 8(10) JA g of additional process energy consumption. In aluminum production disposal of waste ciyolite must be controlled because of possible fiuoride contamination. 

Control of Pollution Act 1974, 519 Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989, 519 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999, 1, 12, 112, 119, 137, 141 Control of Waste (Registration of Carriers and Seizure of Vehicles) Regulations 1991, 519 Conversion tables, 543 Copper, 30, 274... 

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