Copper pentachlorophenate

Copper compounds are used routinely and widely to control freshwater snails that serve as intermediate vectors of schistosomiasis and other diseases that afflict humans (Hasler 1949 NAS 1977 Rowe and Prince 1983 Winger etal. 1984 Al-Sabri etal. 1993). These compounds include copper sulfate, copper pentachlorophenate, copper carbonate, copper-tartaric acid, Paris green (copper arsenite-acetate), copper oxide, copper chloride, copper acetyl acetonate, copper dimethyl dithiocar-bamate, copper ricinoleate, and copper rosinate (Cheng 1979). Also, many species of oyster enemies are controlled by copper sulfate dips. All tested species of marine gastropods, tunicates, echinoderms, and crabs that had been dipped for 5 seconds in a saturated solution of copper sulfate died if held in air for as little as a few seconds to 8 h mussels, however, were resistant (MacKenzie 1961). 

The formulations for felted combustible cartridge cases, developed by Armor Research Foundation and described in Ref 23,p 20, contained some fungicides, as for example copper pentachlorophenate. One of the compns contg this fungicide consisted of Kraft fiber 40.8, NC 40.8, resin + DPhA 17.4 Cu pentachlorophenate, 2%... 

Various additives may be incorporated into insulation boards and hardboards, or they may be surface-treated to bring about resistance to decay, insects, and fire. Pentachloro-phenol and copper pentachlorophenate are commonly used for preservative treatments. The sodium salt of pentachlorophenol is added before sizing and is precipitated onto the fiber along with the size by the alum. Special fire-retarding-paint coatings sometimes are used to give resistance to the spread of flame. 

Other biocidal agents that can be used in closed industrial water systems include copper(II) salts (which, however, can cause corrosion of metals), chlorinated phenols such as sodium pentachlorophenate (NaOCfiCls, which is toxic), and quaternary ammonium salts (lUN+X-). 

Cetalkonium chloride Hydrargaphen Methylenebis (thiocyanate) o-Phenylphenol Sodium pentachlorophenate Sodium o-phenylphenate biocide, marine antifouling paints Copper oleate (ic) Copper oxide (ous) Tributyltin acetate biocide, marine lubricants Hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine biocide, marine paints Tributyltin fluoride biocide, marine/antifouling paints Tributyltin oxide biocide, medical Succinaldehyde biocide, metalworking fluids... 

A few disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite and chlorine, bromine or ozonization, are allowed in public swimming pools. Hexamethylene biguanide polymer, oxygen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, sodium pentachlorophenate and copper sulphate, which are used in private swimming pools, are not allowed in public swimming pools (Hartemann 1994). 

In field trials, Mukherji (1972) observed a 90% kill of Chara and Nitella in paddy fields using five kg/ha of pentachlorophenol and also of sodium pentachlorophenate. The author recommended that these chemicals be used as algicides in paddy fields, instead of copper sulphate, which is somewhat scarce in those areas growing large quantities of rice. 

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