Copper algicides

The unacceptable risks that synthetic herbicides pose to the environment and human health prevent their approval for use in drinking water supply systems and aquaculture ponds. The discovery of environmentally safe compounds that have a greater degree of toxic selectivity towards noxious species of cyanobacteria than copper algicides currently available would greatly benefit commercial aquaculturists and municipal drinking water suppliers and consumers. The use of natural products to selectively control cyanobacteria is desirable due to environmental safety issues and consumers negative perceptions of the use of synthetic compounds (herbicides). 

Kocide Copper Sulfate. [Griffin] Cq>-per sulfate industrial copper, algicide, sewer treatment wood treatment control of tackle shrimp in rice fields. 

Other commonly used pool and spa chemicals incompatible with PHMB are anionic surfactants, phosphate-based chelating agents and copper algicides. 

Copper has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehling s solution, are widely used in analytical chemistry tests for sugar. 

Isophthahc acid is also used in formulations for adhesives, inks (qv), wire enamels, and dental materials (qv). Copper isophthalate [10027-31-3] is an ingredient in algicides and fungicides (98). 

Copper has been employed as a bactericide, moUuscicide, and fungicide for a long time and is of importance in the control of schistosomiasis (see also Antiparasitic AGENTS, ANTHELMINTICS FUNGICIDES, AGRICULTURAL). Addition of copper to lake water acts as an efficient deterrent to transmittal of the disease by eliminating snails that act as hosts for the responsible parasite. Copper is commonly utilized at ca 0.1 mg/L as an algicide. In fresh water, acute toxicosis in fish is unusual if the copper concentration is below 0.025 mg/L (70) (see Poisons, economic). 

Examples of uses (82) of copper compounds are given in Table 4 which hsts the materials of primary industrial importance. The majority of copper compounds are used as fungicides, nutritionals, and algicides. 

Copper sulfate is by far the most common algicide. Other copper-containing algicides for use in domestic appHcations such as swimming pools are usually chelated to prevent hydrolysis and precipitation of the copper. 

It will be necessary to use a decent algicide. Most of the approved algicides are based on quaternary ammonium salts or polyoxyimino compounds. Sometimes copper based, when black algae are present. 

PHMB is very toxic to fish and aquatic life. It is moreover irritating to skin and may cause sensitization by skin contact. It can cause irritation to the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. The PHMB is not compatible with most common swimming pool chemicals. Not compatible with chlorine and chlorinated chemicals and bromine donors. Not compatible with ionic sterilizers, copper based QAC-algicides, anionic detergents, water softening chemicals, persulfate oxidants etc. The defence of the inventors of PHMB is that one should not combine it with other biocides because it should be a bactericide/algicide. But the algicidal properties of PHMB are very weak in brochures and manuals the dose is 200 ppm. 

Copper(II) stearate, molecular formula and uses, 7 778t Copper strike solutions, 9 806 Copper sulfate, 26 569 applications, 7 779 herbicide/algicide for aquaculture in U.S., 3 215t... 

Algae may be removed by treating the water with copper sulphate, 1 part in 10 million of water proving algicidal. 

Adsorption of cupric hydroxide from ammonium hydroxide by starch causes the sorption of Cu(NH3)2(OH)2. The sorption of this copper species is more effective than the sorption of Ba(OH)2 however, the process is complex and cannot be expressed by a simple formula.481 On the other hand, fractionation of potato starch by means of Al(OH)3 has been reported.482 The complex of Cu(OH)2, ammonium hydroxide, and starch has been patented as a germicide and algicide composition.483... 

Ionizers, Ionizers generate small concentrations of copper and silver ions (by electrochemical dissolution of a copper—silver electrode) that function as algicide and bactericide, respectively (10). Although the concentration of copper (. 3 ppm) is adequate, the concentration of silver, a poor disinfectant, is very low (<50 ppb). Consequendy chlorine sanitizers are necessary not only for effective disinfection but also for oxidation of swimming pool contaminants. Another disadvantage is that copper and silver ions form colored insoluble precipitates, which can cause staining. 

Copper Corrosion in plumbing, algicides, bronze plating... 

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