Algicides

Copper has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehling s solution, are widely used in analytical chemistry tests for sugar. 

Isophthahc acid is also used in formulations for adhesives, inks (qv), wire enamels, and dental materials (qv). Copper isophthalate [10027-31-3] is an ingredient in algicides and fungicides (98). 

Many benzenoid quaternary cationic surfactants possess germicidal, fungicidal, or algicidal activity. Solutions of such compounds, alone or in combination with nonionic surfactants, are used as detergent sanitizers in hospital maintenance. Classified as biocidal products, their labeling is regulated by the U.S. EPA. The 1993 U.S. shipments of cationic surfactants represented 16% of the total sales value of surfactant production. Some of this production is used for the preparation of more highly substituted derivatives (101). 

Algicides other than chlorine (or bromine) are used to a small extent, principally in the hotter southern and western regions of the U.S. They serve as a backup to chlorine primarily as a preventive or corrective measure against unbalanced pool conditions. The most widely used algicides are the quaternary ammonium compounds (quats), of which the -a1ky1dimethy1henzy1 ammonium chloride type (with groups) are the most common (see... 

Casoron-IOG) diquat dibromide [2764-72-9 C H Br N algicide and herbicide 0.1 ppm in fish EPA proposed a... 

Disodium Tetraborate, In the Urhted States, anhydrous borax finds most apphcation in the glass industry for enamels, borosihcate glass, and fiber glass insulation. It is also used as an antifreeze additive and as an algicide in industrial water. 

Copper has been employed as a bactericide, moUuscicide, and fungicide for a long time and is of importance in the control of schistosomiasis (see also Antiparasitic AGENTS, ANTHELMINTICS FUNGICIDES, AGRICULTURAL). Addition of copper to lake water acts as an efficient deterrent to transmittal of the disease by eliminating snails that act as hosts for the responsible parasite. Copper is commonly utilized at ca 0.1 mg/L as an algicide. In fresh water, acute toxicosis in fish is unusual if the copper concentration is below 0.025 mg/L (70) (see Poisons, economic). 

Examples of uses (82) of copper compounds are given in Table 4 which hsts the materials of primary industrial importance. The majority of copper compounds are used as fungicides, nutritionals, and algicides. 

Copper sulfate is by far the most common algicide. Other copper-containing algicides for use in domestic appHcations such as swimming pools are usually chelated to prevent hydrolysis and precipitation of the copper. 

That is why in cooling water towers and in swimming pools algicides are used. 

Therefore some quats, used as an algicide, can reduce the use of chlorine and even give a synergism and increased efficacy. 

It will be necessary to use a decent algicide. Most of the approved algicides are based on quaternary ammonium salts or polyoxyimino compounds. Sometimes copper based, when black algae are present. 

The Polyquats or polymerized quaternary salt. If we study the list of algicides approved by the DETR Committee on pages 107 and 108 in the book Swimming Pool Water published by the Pool water treatment Advisory group, we observe the Polyquats WSCP (or BUSAN 77), WSCP-2 (or BUSAN 79) and APCA (or BUSAN 1055) and their impact on Hazard and Incompatibility data . Indeed, these quats have a very low toxicity and are compatible with most swimming pool chemicals used. 

We see that only two carbon atoms are between the nitrogen atoms the lower the number of carbon atoms in these chains, the more algicidal effect and the more water soluble they... 

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