Cooling methods

Direct inlet fogging, is a type of evaporative cooling method, where de-mineralized water is converted into a fog by means of high-pressure nozzles operating at 1000-3000 psi. (67-200 Bar) This fog then provides cooling... 

This chapter describes the room air conditioning process, including the interaction of different flow elements room air distribution, heating and cooling methods, process sources, and disturbances. Air handling equipment, including toom air heaters, is discussed in the form of black boxes as far as possible. 

TABLE 8.7 Examples of Room Air Distributions, Exhausts, and Heating and Cooling Methods... 

Air distribution methods Exhaust methods Heating methods Cooling methods... 

However, the use of other room air distribution methods together with certain exhaust, heating, and cooling methods will also lead (intentionally or unintentionally) to the application of the mixing air conditioning strategy. Some examples are shown in Fig. 8.15. 

The dewpoint hygrometer detects the dewpoint temperature of air by cooling a surface in contact with the air to the dewpoint temperature. There are several ways to achieve cooling and to observe the formation of condensate on the surface. The early dewpoint hygirometers were cooled simply by applying the vaporization of ether or some other suitable liquid. Condensate formation on the surface was determined visually. Other cooling methods are to use a refrigerant flow in direct or indirect contact with the back of the surface, or to use electricity with a (thermoelectric) Peltier element. 

Similarly, comprehensive calculations including turbine cooling were made by Lozza and his colleagues [11]. These calculations give results broadly similar to those described in this chapter but an important feature of this work involved a degree of parameterisation of the cooling methods—e.g. variation of the allowable blade temperature. 

The pretreated metalwork to be coated is heated in an oven to a temperature of between 260 and 360°C, depending on the metal thicknesses and the coating to be applied. It is then withdrawn from the oven and dipped into the fluidised powder. Here the fine powder particles are blown onto the hot metal where they melt. After a few seconds (5-lOs is normal), the item is removed from the powder and the unfused outer particles are allowed to fuse. Then either the item is allowed to air cool or it is water quenched. The cooling method can affect crystal structure and hence surface finish and... 

Using powder as a starting material, single crystals were grown from a solution of hydrofluoric acid containing appropriate concentrations of each type of compound (M = K or Rb), using the slow cooling method [206, 209, 211,438],... 

Figure 5 Ohm plots and the development of Joule heating of the same buffer system using different cooling methods.

Mullin, J. W. and Williams, J. R. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 62 (1984) 296-302. A comparison between indirect contact cooling methods for the crystallisation of potassium sulphate. 

Crystallization was carried out by the rapid cooling method in ethanol (EtOH) solutions. Various amounts of Me-est and Pr-est crystals were dissolved in ethanol at 323 K. After the crystals completely dissolved, the solution was rapidly cooled to 298 K to perform the crystallization. The slurry was sampled at constant intervals and filtered to separate the crystals from the solution. The concentration of the solution was measured by a UV spectroscopic method. After drying the separated crystal, the crystal stmcture was examined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) using the RINT2200 (Rigaku). The crystal stractures were analyzed with a single crystal, by a Rigaku R-AXIS with Cu-Ka radiation. 

Womer, T.M., Smith, W.S., and Wheeier, R.P., Comparison of Two Different Cooling Methods for Extrusion Processes, SPE ANTEC Tech. Papers, 52, 796 (2006)... 

The effects of thermal history on the nucleation characteristics of CaCl2 6H20 melt without nucleation agent and the same melt with nucleation agent were studied experimentally by the cooling method at constant rate of IK/min. 

Pressure between these limits is the optimum for this distillation. At higher pressure too much polymerization to dehy-droacetic acid occurs, and at a lower pressure special cooling methods are necessary to prevent loss of distillate by evaporation. 

Transpiration, and Film Cooling Methods with Air as Coolant, Natl. Advisory Comm. Aeronaut. Rept. 1182 (1954). 

The temperature of the liquid can be controlled with a hot water bath or any other heating or cooling method... 

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