Continent Area

Continent Area (million ha)and share (%) Organic farms (%) Organic arable land (%) Organic permanent crops (%) Organic permanent grassland (%) Wild collecti on (%)... 

Investments and manufacturing costs for refinery hydrogen for both 1980 and the year 2000 for plants of 100 million SCF/D capacity located in the Mid-Continent area are summarized in Table 10 and Figure 7. These data compare steam reforming, resid partial oxidation, K-T coal gasification, and new coal gasification. 

All the crudes with more than 0.5% nitrogen were found in California those containing 0.2 to 0.5% nitrogen were largely in California and Wyoming, with a few in the West Texas and Mid-Continent areas. 

Continent Area (mio. km ) Population (millions) Water resources (km yr ) Potential water availability ... 

The features created by crustal movements may be mountain chains, like the Himalayas, where collision of continents causes extensive compression. Conversely, the depressions of the Red Sea and East African Rift Basin are formed by extensional plate movements. Both type of movements form large scale depressions into which sediments from the surrounding elevated areas ( highs ) are transported. These depressions are termed sedimentary basins (Fig. 2.3). The basin fill can attain a thickness of several kilometres. 

Estimates of oil shale deposits by continent are given in Table 1 (2). Characteristics of many of the world s best known oil shales are summarized in Table 2 (3,4). Oil shale deposits in the United States occur over a wide area (Table 3). The most extensive deposits, covering ca 647,000 km (250,000 mi ), are the Devonian-Mississippian shales of the eastern United States (5). The richest U.S. oil shales are in the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Typical mineral and organic analyses for Green River oil shale are given in Table 4. 

Geochemical studies of sulfate ia streams have beea approached ia various ways. For example. Ref. 17 is a review of Hterature oa sources of sulfate ia the dissolved loads of streams, especially ia areas where developmeat effects are likely to be stroag. It was coacluded that for North America as much as 60% of the average yield of sulfate carried to the ocean is related to human activities. This study assigned a higher proportion of the total yield of sulfate ia European streams to human sources, but for other continents it was thought the effects of human activities to be relatively minor. 

In a relatively small continental area such as Europe, there is not much difference between what would be considered the regional scale and the continental scale. However, on most other continents there would be a difference between what is considered regional and what continental. Perhaps of greatest concern on the continental scale is that the air pollution policies of a nation are likely to create impacts on neighboring nations. Acid rain in Scandanavia has been considered to have had impacts from Great Britain and Western Europe. Japan has considered that part of their air pollution problem, especially in the western part of the country, has origins in China and Korea. Cooperation in the examination of the North American acid rain problem has existed for a long time between Canada and the United States. 

On a larger scale, continents produce flows, known as monsoon winds, over wide areas between the surrounding seas and lands. These... 

Continned). Ciramifereiices and Areas of Circles (Advancing by eighths)... 

Liquid water, including its soluble and insoluble constituents, is transferred from the oceans to the atmosphere when air bubbles in the water rise to the surface. These bubbles form from air trapped by breaking waves, "whitecaps." As the bubbles burst at the surface, water droplets are injected into the atmosphere. These water droplets are small enough to remain airborne for several hours. Whitecaps begin to form in winds common over the oceans, and a significant amount of seasalt made airborne in this way is transported to the continents and deposited in coastal areas. 

Given a sufficient period of time, in the absence of tectonic processes, continents would presumably be eroded flat to about sea level. It is not surprising, therefore, that most tectonically quiet areas on continents tend to have low elevations and are often flat, whereas tectonically active areas, mostly mountain belts, have high elevations and steep slopes (Figs 9-2 and 9-4). 

We have been fully occupied by our explorations. There has been no attempt as yet, in our laboratories or in others , to apply the chemistry to the synthesis of natural products or pharmaceuticals there has been no attempt to utilize the chemistry for industrial requirements, nor has there yet been any systematic effort to develop the physical organic aspects of this area. All that is still before us. Another major task before us is that of educating students in the experimental methods and techniques of this area of chemistry so that they will not hesitate to apply these fascinating new methods. Clearly we have uncovered a new continent, only partially explored. It will require a major effort on the part of many chemists to continue the exploration and to apply the chemistry for the benefit of mankind. 

The survey of geographical distribution patterns of secondary plant constitnents starts with examples that come, more or less, from within continents. In many examples, the patterns of variation involve comparatively small areas, a few connties perhaps, and could be referred to as local whereas in others, considerably larger areas are involved, often several states or provinces, or even large pieces of a country. In most cases, however, the regions nnder consideration lie within a single continental land-mass. A few examples come from island systems (e.g., New Zealand) where the existence of major landmasses separated by a small stretch of water does not appear to have had an effect upon the distribution reported, or at least none has been reported. 

The most significant spread of tea cultivation to new areas has been the establishment of large acreage in Africa. The first successful plantings took place in Malawi around 1900, but Kenya has become the prime producer of the continent though tea was not introduced until 1925. Tea is now cultivated in Tanzania, South Africa, and other areas.10... 

The most recent compilation of heat flow data (Poliak et al., 1993) numbers almost 25,000 measurements. On a 5° x 5° longitude-latitude grid, 62% of the Earth s surface was covered by measurements, while the heat flow of the remaining area of the planet was estimated. The resulting heat flows for the continents and the oceans were 0.065 W m-2 and 0.101 W m-2, respectively, with a global mean value of 0.087 W m-2. 

Total area China + Seas (continent + region, incl. sea)... 

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