Latitude and longitude

HOW TO DETERMINE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE FROM TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS... 

Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator. Longitude is the distance east or west of the prime meridian (Greenwich, Engiand). Latitude and longitude are measured in seconds, minutes, and degrees. 

To determine the latitude and longitude of your facility you will need a topographic map from United States Geological Survey (USGS). 

USGS maps used for determining latitude and longitude may be obtained from the USGS distribution center. These maps are available in both the 7.5 minute and 15 minute series. For maps of the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, contact ... 

Determining Your Facility s Latitude and Longitude (See diagram next page.)... 

Construct a small rectangle around the point with fine pencil lines connecting the nearest 2 1/2 or 5 graticules. Graticules are intersections of latitude and longitude lines that are marked on the map edge, and appear as black crosses at four points in the interior of the map. 

Read and record the latitude and longitude for the southeast comer of the small quadrangle drawn In step two. The latitude and longitude are printed at the edges of the map. 

In order to estimate the extent of ozone depletion caused by a given release of CFCs, computer models of the atmosphere are employed. These models incorporate information on atmospheric motions and on the rates of over a hundred chemical and photochemical reactions. The results of measurements of the various trace species in the atmosphere are then used to test the models. Because of the complexity of atmospheric transport, the calculations were carried out initially with one-dimensional models, averaging the motions and the concentrations of chemical species over latitude and longitude, leaving only their dependency on altitude and time. More recently, two-dimensional models have been developed, in which the averaging is over longitude only. 

The quantities q>, 2 define the latitude and longitude of some point, respectively. It is also important to express the angle between the vector radii R and Ri in terms of the latitude and longitude. With this purpose in mind we make use of the definition... 

Vrf + r — 2r1r2 cos (0 — 02) in polar coordinates. Other coordinate systems are sometimes used. For example, on the surface of a sphere latitude and longitude prove useful. 

The meaning of identity for an object type is defined, to a great extent, by constraints on whether two distinct objects can have the same attribute values. For example, in a navigation application we may deal with a type Location consisting of a latitude and longitude. If part of the definition of this type includes a constraint that no two distinct location... 

In the case of flux with spherical symmetry, i.e., with no dependence on the latitude and longitude, gradient and Laplacian operators must be expressed as a function of the radial distance r to the origin... 

Finally, there is the contour plot, which is used to depict the relationships in a three variable, continuous data system. That is, a contour plot visually portrays each contour as a locus of the values of two variables associated with a constant value of the third variable. An example would be a relief map that gives both latitude and longitude of constant altitude using contour lines. 

Technically the thermocline is the depth zone over which the vertical temperature gradient reaches maximal values. This depth zone varies with season, latitude and longitude, and local environmental conditions. The top of the thermocline is defined by... 

The solar zenith angle can be calculated in the following manner for any particular location (i.e., latitude and longitude), day of the year (dn), and time of day as described by Spencer (1971) and Madronich (1993). First, one needs to calculate what is known as the local hour angle (th), which is defined as the angle (in radians) between the meridian of the observer and that of the sun ... 

Following the procedure outlined in Section 3.C.la, calculate the solar zenith angle for your city or town at the following times (a) noon on January 1 (b) 8 00 a.m. on March 15 ( Beware the ides of March... ) (c) noon on June 21 (d) 3 30 p.m. on September 1 (e) 9 00 a.m. on December 21. The latitudes and longitudes for various locations can be found, for example, in the Rand McNally International Atlas. 

In the real atmosphere horizontal motions along latitude and longitude must also be taken into consideration. Thus, the ozone concentration profile should show a significant derivation near the tropopause due to the downward transport of 03 from the expected profile without vertical eddy diffusion. 

Table 1 Decadal 2000-2009 average annual 8-h maximum ozone levels for 78 EMEP monitoring stations, together with their station codes, latitudes and longitudes ...

Munera [57] took into account both earth rotation and orbital motion, as a function of the local latitude and longitude. Prediction of the variation of speed difference as function of time of day are given in Munera [57] for the locations of Miller s experiment. The qualitative shape of the variations is of the same sort observed by Miller in the 1930s. However, the magnitudes are not correct because solar motion was not included.2 Selleri [58] allowed for small violations of Lorentz invariance a correction factor around 10-3 reproduces Miller s observations. Also independently, Allais [59] revisited Miller s work. He argues that Miller s seasonal variations are strong proof for a local anisotropy of space. 

Let RK(photosynthesis production for vegetation of type n at latitude living biomass can be described as... 

It is clear that = (geographical latitude and longitude, respectively, and t is the current time. For territory Q the biocomplexity indicator is defined as a mean value ... 

Grid is a hybrid scheme where each node is characterized by its ID and geographic position latitude and longitude [Li 00, Che 02], Grid employs... 

For the characterization of solar resource, measured irradiance data as well as site-specific parameters are needed. These include geographic information (site latitude and longitude) for the calculation of the solar angle that also varies during the day, as well as ambient temperature for the estimation of the photovoltaic module temperature (Manwell, 1998). 

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