Content of the Book

In this book we endeavor to cover most of the topics highlighted in the introduction, and to present (i) technological developments achieved for the coupling of microfluidic systems to MS, both for the ESI and MALDI ionization techniques, (ii) relevant applications of microfluidics-to-MS couplings and (iii) research aiming at miniaturizing the mass spectrometer itself. We hope thereby to give a complete and comprehensive view to the reader of the miniaturization and mass spectrometry field with this collection of chapters. 

Uchiyama, H. Nakajima and T. Hobo, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2004, 379, 375. 

Nagele and M. Vollmer, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2004, 18, 3008. 

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For the production of this edition, we have made a thorough and critical revision of the whole contents of the book, based on our experience of its use in the laboratory and on the general advance in organic chemical practice. In addition to this general revision, however, we have extended the book in three main directions. 

The multiplicity of phenomena characteristic of flow in heated micro-channels determined the content of the book. We consider a number of fundamental problems related to drag and heat transfer in flow of a pure liquid and a two-phase mixture in micro-channels, coolant boiling in restricted space, bubble dynamics, etc. Also considered are capillary flows with distinct interfaces developing under interaction of inertia, pressure, gravity, viscous and capillary forces. 

The style of the book is to present only a small amount of information on each page with a slide-like illustration using short descriptions and easily understood chemical equations and structures. Under each illustration is additional information or comments with room for the reader to make notes if desired. Although there is obvious continuity, an attempt has been made to make each page subject somewhat independent so that readers can study the contents of the book one page at a time at their own pace. Of necessity, because of this format, there is considerable repetition. We do not consider this bad. 

The content of the book is based on the 6-h-per-week lecture course which one of us (G. Ventura) has given at the University of Florence between 2001 and 2006. In authors intents, the book should stand alone as a practical guide to cryogenics. For this reason, a brief chapter about vacuum techniques precedes the cryogenic items. 

The production of this book has been made possible through support from the VAM programme. The technical content of the book has also benefited through the results of work which has been carried out by LGC, often in collaboration with others, on specific technically based VAM, Eurachem and CITAC projects. 

Some of the key topics discussed in the other chapters of the book center on materials-related issues, deposition approaches, and next-generation approaches to devices and structures. In this chapter, we do not try to be inclusive with respect to the contents of the book, but rather we try to look at some of the important areas of commonality and then look forward to some exciting future directions. 

Of course, none of these people can be held responsible for the contents of the book. 1 hope they all will forgive any negative associations created in the preceding paragraphs, by unnecessarily linking them to my own deeply personal and obsessive fixation with grasses and chemicals. 

The contents of the book are intended to help a newcomer in the field, as well as to provide current information including developing technologies, for those who have practiced process analytical chemistry and PAT for some time. The main spectroscopic tools used for PAT are presented NIR, Raman, UV-Vis and FTIR, including not just the hardware, but many apphcation examples, and implementation issues. As chemometrics is central for use of many of these tools, a comprehensive chapter on this, now revised to more specifically address some issues relevant to PAT is included. In this second edition many of the previous chapters have been updated and revised, and additional chapters covering the important topic of sampling, and the additional techniques of NMR, fluorescence, and acoustic chemometrics are included. 

In connection with the engineering content of the book, a large number of reactors is analyzed two- and three-phase (slurry) agitated reactors (batch and continuous flow), two-and three-phase fixed beds (fixed beds, trickle beds, and packed bubble beds), three-phase (slurry) bubble columns, and two-phase fluidized beds. All these reactors are applicable to catalysis two-phase fixed and fluidized beds and agitated tank reactors concern adsorption and ion exchange as well. 

The content of the book, structured into nine chapters, each being sub-divided into a number of sections, results from the long-term course presentations and the many connected discussions. 

The editors and authors would appreciate feedback on the contents of the book with particular regard to omissions and inaccuracies. 

The most important facet of the book is information entropy, which was selected by the author as a viewpoint for observing the phenomena. In any case, before going to the main subject, the gist of the concept1-4 and important matters of information entropy are explained in detail in the next section so that the rest of the contents of the book can be understood easily. 

The thematic outline of the book was conceived during winter 2006/2007. The contents of the book thus basically reflect the specialized areas of research at the intersection of supramolecular chemistry and hybrid (nano)materials that were established at that time. However, because of the vibrant drive of research in these two areas, it is not surprising that significant new developments are being conceived, realized, and published almost quarterly. Of course, once new findings are reported, especially on novel composite materials, it is difficult to forecast whether they will become important... 

Another book, published the same year, is Evolution at the Molecular Level.22 Although it sounds promising, it is not a book by someone proposing a new idea. It s one of the many academic books that are collections of articles by different authors, each treating a particular area in not much more depth than a journal article. Inevitably the contents of the book pretty closely resemble the contents of the journals a lot of sequences, some math, and no answers. 

To begin, however, we must first have an idea of how space could be used in abstract cognition. The first part of this introduction seeks to illustrate what is meant by spatial schemas, what is meant by abstract cognition, and how the latter may benefit from the former. In the second part, the aim is to identify two important points in formulating accounts of spatial schemas. First, our account of spatial schemas explores the idea that space can be a mechanism for cognition, not merely a metaphor for cognition. Second, our account of spatial schemas aims to identify the nature of the correspondences between space and other domains, and how those correspondences, or mappings, are established. The third part of this introduction proceeds to provide an overview of the contents of the book. 

Cover illustration, created by Peter Zavalij, follows the content of the book. The illustration is inspired by Salvador Dali s painting The Metamorphosis of Narcissus where Narcissus [polycrystalline (Au,Ni)Sn4, courtesy Lubov Zavalij] falls in love with his own reflection (diffraction pattern of LaBg collected on a Bruker Smart Apex CCD), transforms into an egg (reciprocal lattice), and then into a flower (crystal structure of Mn7 x(0H)3(V04)4 in a physical space), which bears his name. 

The contents of the book is as follows. After a short self-contained mathematical introduction, Chapter 1 presents the essential elements of the variation approach to either total or second-order molecular energies,... 

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