Contact-less

The sample is measured with a confocal microscope, by using a chromatic coding of the height, and with a contact-less optical needle focused on the surface. We determine by this way the surface topography and its roughness. 

First of all, the detection of explosives should be contact-less that is, the detection should be possible from a reasonable distance (and not involve sample collection whereby the sample has to be subsequently inserted into an instrument). 

In bringing together the surfaces of two liquids to form a liquid-liquid interface heat is either evolved or absorbed during the process. This heat change may be termed with Harkins the heat of adhesion. The sum total of the surface energies of the two surfaces before contact less that of the interface after contact represents this total amount of energy given off or absorbed if the process be carried out isothermally or... 

With a combined VIS + NIR SI system and a fuzzy-C-means classification algorithm, it was possible to set up a fast, compact, contact-less and non-destructive analytical instrument. As shown in Fig. 7.7, the two-range spectroscopic imager is capable of distinguishing among true turquoises, even if they are set into bedrock (b), treated turquoises (pressed turquoise powder, etc.), synthetic turquoises and nonturquoise materials without sample pre-treatment with high reliability.18... 

As an example for the /3-(ET)2X family the crystal structure of the salt with X = Ig is shown in Fig. 2.14 [127, 128]. /9-(ET)2l3 was the second ambient-pressure organic superconductor (Tc 1.5 K) to be found [129]. The principal structure of most ET salts can be seen in Fig. 2.14. The ET molecules are arranged in columnar stacks within planes which are separated by anion layers. The 13-type structure is triclinic with the lattice parameters as given in Table 2.1. The ET molecules are stacked along the a- -b direction and are slightly dimerized. S-S contacts less than the van der Waals radii of 3.6 A are found in the ab plane only between the stacks and not within the stacks. However, due to their 2D connectivity (see Fig. 2.14b) the ET form sheets of high conductivity in the ab planes which are separated by insulating layers of linear Ig anions. 

The inverse relationship between the amount of chromium ions removed and the temperature was found. This fact can be explained in the consideration that the amount of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(lll) increases with the increase of the temperature and that the adsorption of Cr(lll) ions on ACF-1 is relatively low. So, more the Cr(lll) ions appears in the solution during ACF and Cr(Vl) species contact less the total amount of chromium removed. 

Ingestion is the most common route of reported toxic exposure. However, hydrogen peroxide exposure and toxicity can be multifaceted with absorption via inhalation, dermal, or ocular contact. Less common routes include direct instillation into body cavities and intravenous administration. 

Light shutter AMR, GMR Variable inductance Contact - less... 

Figure 16, List of known iT2Lns-dihalodiammineplatinum(II) structures. Not one of these has a Pt-Pt contact less than 4 A,...

Advantages simple well-proven surface sensitivity gas-solid contact less scattering losses possibility of using metals sample versatility spatial resolution... 

The term implantable stimulation refers to stimulation systems in which all three components, pulse generator, lead wires, and electrodes, are permanently surgically implanted into the body and the skin is solidly closed after the implantation procedure. Any interaction between the implantable part and the outside world is performed using telemetry principles in a contact-less fashion. This chapter is focused on implantable neuromuscular stimulators, which will be discussed in more detail. 

In Canada, Shell uses HF RFID for its Easy Pay customer convenience program. In Hong Kong Octopns card is nsed in public transit service. In the Netherlands, the Trans Link System nses contact-less smart cards to offer contact-less ticket solntions. The World Cup in Germany used tickets embedded with HF tags (RMOROZ, 2004). 

Henkel Surface Technologies, in Calhoun, GA, makes industrial coating products for cleaning and treating metal surfaces. The facility formerly used highly concentrated (70 %) hydrofluoric acid. Henkel switched to less concentrated (less than 49%) hydrofluoric acid as a result of a company-wide safety policy. While still hazardous upon contact, less concentrated hydrofluoric acid in an aqueous solution is... 

Electrical resistivity (often expressed through the inverse value—conductivity) and its variations describe the properties of various metals and alloys [1], but also tissues and living bodies, characterized by the bio-impedance [2]. Electrical conductivity can be measured in the contact-less way by eddy current sensor(s), e.g. by using the measurement setup with a single measurement coil above the measured object, which can be a metal plate, for example, as described analytically [3] or numerically [4, 5]. Experiments show reasonable similarity between the real measurements and theoretical models. 

Figure 5.8 shows a drop of liquid contained between two horizontal plates with an angle of contact less than njl. The principal curvature, (1// ), of the surface of the liquid in a plane perpendicular to the plates is shown. The other principal curvature can be neglected as the radius of curvature is much greater than R. The Laplace-Young equation gives the excess pressure, p, across the surface as... 

For a characterization of materials with a low mechanical resistance and for routine measurements in industrial production, it would be of great importance to have a method which allows a contact-less, non-destmctive measurement of the resistance. One of the more recently developed techniques that is capable of such non-contact resistance measurement is the eddy current technique (Kraftmakher, 2000 Schroeder, 1998), which is mainly used in the semiconductor industry for wafer characterization (ASTM, 1996b) and is only recently entering display manufacturing as well (ASTM, 2002c). The technique is based on the effect that the quahty factor of a resonant circuit is reduced when a conducting... 

It is considered to be a non-destructive and contact-less measuring method, which is particularly suitable for determining the dielectric properties of materials at high temperature and for inhomogeneous dielectrics. It can also be easily implemented in industrial applications for continuous monitoring and control (Kraszewski, 1980). The accuracy of measurement depends mainly on the performance of the measuring system and the validity of the equations used for the calculation (HMcansson, 2007). 

Magnetostrictive linear displacement transducers measure the time it takes for a sonic pulse to travel Ifom a fixed source to a variable position. These newer devices are very accurate and are contact-less, offering the potential of long fife [9]. 

Short SeLSe atomic contacts less than the sum of vdW radii (3.80 A) are identified along the b-axis in the CIO4 and FSO3 salts hut not in the other salts. However, a... 

Stallmaeh and coworkers have studied ferroeene adsorbed in MOF-5 using solid-state relayed C- H heteronuelear eorrelation (HETCOR) 2D NMR and MD simulations to obtain more details of the speeifie interactions. They find short guest-host contacts (less than sA) to the linkers close to the aromatic rings mediated through proton diffusion. Results from MD simulations agree well with the conclusions from the 2D H and NMR studies. There is a residual mobility of the linker and ferrocene rather than well-defined stationary positions. 

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