Chemical Constitution and Properties

Not every colored anthraquinone derivative is a dye. In addition to tinctorial strength and depending on the intended use, such other properties as affinity to the fiber and resistance to atmospheric conditions must be present also. The choice of a particular textile dye is determined also by its application properties and its fastness. 

The three major dye types, i.e., neutral, anionic, and cationic, are subdivided by use the neutral dyes comprise disperse, vat, and solvent dyes the anionic dyes, acid, direct, and reactive dyes and the cationic dyes, dyes for polyacrylonitrile fibers and other fibers modified to contain acid groups. 

The simple anthraquinone dyes, containing hydroxy or amino functions as their major auxochromes, are used for brilliant red to blue shades. Yellow and orange shades are obtained by other dye classes. Choosing appropriate substituents allows the best dyes for various fibers and colors to be obtained. 

Dyes for Polyester bribers. Anth raquino nc dyes for polyester fibers can be classified into five basic types  

Derivatives of a-diaminodihydroxyanthraquinones are the most important disperse dyes with respect to shade and affinity. The dye properties may be optimized by introducing suitable substituents, selecting the positions of the isomers, and blending. Some of these properties can be illustrated with the three basic structures 9-11. 

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The gelation process is considered a very specific process. This specificity is interpreted on a structural basis. Therefore some relationships between the chemical constitution and gelation properties of pectins and some related polysaccharides are outlined. 

The VOD of an organic explosive is also a function of the energy produced by its decomposition and therefore, a relationship has been derived between detonation properties of an explosive and its chemical constitution. Similarly to Bernard [69, 70], Rothstein and Peterson [71] also postulated for a gamut of an ideal , H, N, type explosive, a simple empirical linear relationship (Equation 1.11) between VOD at theoretical maximum density (TMD) and a factor, F, which solely depends upon chemical constitution and structure. 

This subject has been of continuing interest for several reasons. First, the present concepts of the chemical constitution of such important biopolymers as cellulose, amylose, and chitin can be confirmed by their adequate chemical synthesis. Second, synthetic polysaccharides of defined structure can be used to study the action pattern of enzymes, the induction and reaction of antibodies, and the effect of structure on biological activity in the interaction of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipides with polyhydroxylic macromolecules. Third, it is anticipated that synthetic polysaccharides of known structure and molecular size will provide ideal systems for the correlation of chemical and physical properties with chemical constitution and macromolecular conformation. Finally, synthetic polysaccharides and their derivatives should furnish a large variety of potentially useful materials whose properties can be widely varied these substances may find new applications in biology, medicine, and industry. 

Stager, H., W. Siegfried, and R. Sanger Chemical constitution and structure of phenolic resins. II. Mechanical properties in relation to structure. Schweiz. Arch, angew. Wiss. Tech. 7, 129, 153 (1941). 

Investigations in the past years have proved that applying the concept of flexible spacer, polymers can be synthesized systematically, which exhibit the l.c. state. Owing to the flexible linkage of the mesogenic molecules to the polymer main chain, very similar relations can be expected with respect to 1-l.c., like chemical constitution and phase behavior, or dielectric properties and field effects for the l.c. side chain polymers. This will be in contrast to main chain polymers, where the entire macromolecule, or in case of semiflexible polymers parts of the macromolecules, form the l.c. structure. The introduction of a flexible spacer between backbone and mesogenic group can be performed in a broad variety of chemical reactions. Some arbitrarily... 

The general properties of siderophores have been described extensively (2), and up-to-date lists of the individual compounds, their sources from aerobic and facultative aerobic species, and their properties have been published (3,4, 5). (Porphyrin Products, P. O. Box 31, Logan, UT 84321, sell a limited number of siderophores.) The earlier literature on iron assimilation by microbes, including enteric species, may be found elsewhere (6,7). For information on the chemical constitution and physiological role of the outer membrane of enteric bacteria, the reader is referred to Nakae and Nikaido (8). 

Solvents can be classified as EPD or EPA according to their chemical constitution and reaction partners [65]. However, not all solvents come under this classification since e.g. aliphatic hydrocarbons possess neither EPD nor EPA properties. An EPD solvent preferably solvates electron-pair acceptor molecules or ions. The reverse is true for EPA solvents. In this respect, most solute/solvent interactions can be classified as generalized Lewis acid/base reactions. A dipolar solvent molecule will always have an electron-rich or basic site, and an electron-poor or acidic site. Gutmann introduced so-called donor numbers, DN, and acceptor numbers, AN, as quantitative measures of the donor and acceptor strengths [65] cf. Section 2.2.6 and Tables 2-3 and 2-4. Due to their coordinating ability, electron-pair donor and acceptor solvents are, in general, good ionizers cf. Section 2.6. 

Smiles, The Relations between Chemical Constitution and Some Physical Properties, 1910,51 Bingham, Fluidity and Plasticity, New York, 1922 Landolt-B6rnstein, Tabelleh, ... 

Z. phys. Chem., 1928,137, 383 Smiles, Chemical Constitution and Physical Properties, 1910, 29, pointed out that association may be ascribed to the presence of certain groups containing residual aflSnity, such as CO, CN, OH, NH2, and COOH. ... 

Smiles, Relations between Chemical Constitution and -some Physical Properties, 1910, 147 Kau ann, Beziehung zwischen physikalischen Eigenschaften und chemischer Konsti-tution, 1920, 180. 

ToUens, Ber., 1869,2, 82 Nernst, Theoretical Chemistry, 1904, 323 Smiles, Chemical Constitution and Physical Properties, 1910, 225 f., who gives very instructive tables showing the effects of substitution on b.p. 

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