Constitutive and Inducible

Microorganisms and their enzymes have been used to functionalize nonactivated carbon atoms, to introduce centers of chirahty into optically inactive substrates, and to carry out optical resolutions of racemic mixtures (1,2,37—42). Their utifity results from the abiUty of the microbes to elaborate both constitutive and inducible enzymes that possess broad substrate specificities and also remarkable regio- and stereospecificities. 

Fitzgerald JW, HW Maca, FA Rose (1979) Physiological factors regulating tyrosine-sulphate sulphohydrolase activity in Comamonas terrigena occurrence of constitutive and inducible enzymes. J Gen Microbiol 111 407-415. 

Clark, A.S., West, K., Streicher, S., and Dennis, P.A. 2002. Constitutive and inducible Akt activity promotes resistance to chemotherapy, trastuzumab, or tamoxifen in breast cancer cells Mol Cancer Ther 1 707-717. 

Besides the standard vectors for constitutive and inducible expression of genes in P. pastoris, new expression vectors and promoters with new regulatory features allowing, for example, also methanol-free inducible high-level expression were discovered or developed by mutagenesis of the mostly used alcohol oxidase promoter Paoxi [87]. Thus, a new P. pastoris expression system became available, which is commercialized by the company VTU (AT). 

Fungal laccases (benzenediokoxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) belong to the multicopper blue phenoloxidases. They comprise glycosylated proteins expressed in multiple forms and variable molecular weight, ranging from 59 to 110 kDa. Laccase is expressed as multiple constitutive and induced isoenzymes [30, 64]. The enzyme contains four copper atoms (Cu), in different states of oxidation (I, II, III) [65], which play an important role in the catalytic mechanism. Laccase oxidizes different compounds while reducing O2 to H20, a total reduction of four electrons. 

Ueda, T., Watanabe-Fukunaga, R., Fukuyama, H., Nagata, S., and Fukunaga, R. (2004). Mnk2 and Mnkl are essential for constitutive and inducible phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E but not for cell growth or development. Mol. Cell Biol. 24, 6539-6549. 

Condensation of coumaric acid with malonic acid yields the basic chalcone and stilbane skeletons (see Fig. 3.6). Stilbenes are found in most vascular plants, where they exhibit fungicidal and to a lesser extent antibiotic properties. They function as both constitutive and inducible defense substances. Some stilbenes inhibit fungal spore germination and hyphal growth, whereas others are toxic to insects and parasitic nematodes (round-worms). They also possess antifeeding and nematicide properties in mammals. For example, resveratrol (a stilbene in red wine) suppresses tumor formation in mammals. 

I nhibition of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase potential selective inhibition, Anna. 

IHC shows constitutive and inducible CYPIBI in artery smooth muscle cells, leptomeninges, cerebral arteries/arterioles, and ependymal cells (Granberg et al., 2003). 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Synthetic HRP C gene fused in-frame to pre-pro a-mating factor. Constitutive and inducible promoters tried. Low Low levels of h3rperglycosylated enzyme secreted yield approx. 50 xg liter" (71, 72). 

L5. Leithauser, F., Dhein, J., Mechtersheimer, G., Koretz, K., Bruderlein, S., Henne, C., Schmidt, A., Debatin, K. M., Krammer, R H., and Moller, R, Constitutive and induced expression of APO-1, a new member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic cells. Lab. Invest. 69, 415-429 (1993). 

Leone, A. M., Palmer, R. M., Knowles, R. G., Francis, P. L., Ashton, D. S., and Moncada, S. (1991). Constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases incorporate molecular oxygen into both nitric oxide and citruline. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23790-23795. 

Zangerl, A. R. and Rutledge, . E. (1996). The probability of attack and patterns of constitutive and induced defense a test of optimal defense theory. American Naturalist 147 599-608. 

As already discussed in chapter 4, cytochrome P-450 has many forms or isoenzymes, which differ in their ability to catalyze particular reactions. Some of these forms of cytochrome P-450 are found in normal liver tissue and are "constitutive," whereas others are only apparent after induction. Constitutive as well as non-constitutive forms of cytochrome P-450 are inducible. Some of the major forms of cytochrome P-450, which are induced, are shown in Table 5.21. It should be noted, however, that this is not an exhaustive list, and there are species and tissue differences in the constitutive and induced forms of cytochrome P-450. 

Chatzipanteli K., Wada K., Busto R., and Dietrich W. D. (1999) Effects of moderate hypothermia on constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities after traumatic brain injury in the rat. J. Neurochem. 72, 2047-2052. 

VAN DAM, N.M., VRIELING, K., Genetic variation in constitutive and inducible pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in Cynoglossum officinale L. Oecologia, 1994, 99, 374-378. 

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