Consolidative reduction

Consolidative reduction has been employed when the object is so badly corroded that it becomes extremely fragile and all surface details are just a mass of corrosion products. In this case, one must apply a low-current density over a prolonged period. In some instances, it is necessary to hold together the loose crusts during the electrolysis, which are then ultimately reduced in situ into a more coherent but porous metallic network. In the case of a completely mineralized silver lyre from the Royal Graves at Ur, partially-rectified current was used to reduce silver chloride [298]. 

The metal is isolated commercially by a complex chemical process, the final stage of which is the hydrogen reduction of ammonium ruthenium chloride, which yields a powder. The powder is consolidated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding. 

The filtered dough is then returned to a mixer and the alcohol content reduced to 25% by kneading under vacuum. Further reduction in the alcohol content is brought about by rolling the compound on a hooded two-roll mill. The milled product is then consolidated on a two-bowl calender and sheeted off in hides about j in thick. At this stage the solvent content is between 12 and 16%. 

In addition, detailed analysis of the chemical and physical properties of different oils used in the plant can, in some cases, allow consolidation or reduction of the number and types of lubricates required to maintain plant equipment. Elimination of unnecessary duplication can reduce required inventory levels and therefore maintenance costs. 

Transportation applications include exterior automotive body components, non-appearance automotive parts, structural components, plus numerous truck, bus and rail car applications. Unsaturated polyester resins compete on the basis of weight reduction, corrosion resistance and parts consolidation. Thermoplastic resins, however, offer steep competition. 

Recently, a new porous crystalline matrix ( Gubka ) has been prepared on the basis of fly ash from power stations to incorporate complex ACT-containing wastes by means of repeated saturation-drying-calcining cycles. This matrix can accommodate up to 50 wt% nitrate salts (after drying) and 35 wt% calcine. The waste-loaded material can be consolidated by hot pressing with a 35% volume reduction (Aloy et al. 2000 Tranter et al. 2002). 

Sintering and Densification. Recall from Section 2.2.2.4 that sintering is the consolidation of particles during heat treatment, and that it is controlled by the reduction in free energy of the system that accompanies surface area elimination during densification. Since the thermodynamics of sintering have already been described, we... 

The basic reaction underlying the combustion of many gasless delay formulations is the Goldschmidt or thermite reaction where a metal powder and a metallic oxide interact in an oxidation-reduction reaction manner with the evolution of a large amount of heat but very little or no gas. Consequently, these formulations are used where no vent or very little vent is provided in the ammunition. Gasless delay formulations tend to burn faster under higher consolidation as the points of contact of fuel and oxidizer increase. This is because the reaction in this case is a solid state reaction by diffusion. 

November 3 Reflecting a trend toward reduction and consolidation in the drug industry, the drugmaker Johnson Johnson announces it will cut 7,000 to 8,200 jobs worldwide. 

There are three definitions needed to accurately describe this process. (1) Compaction is the compression and consolidation of a two-phase (particulate solid/gas) system by the application of an external force (2) compression causes an increase in the apparent density (or a reduction in volume) by the displacement of air and (3) consolidation is defined as an increase in mechanical strength due to particle-particle interaction [1,2]. 

Tank-Battery Repair Savings Many of the conventional batteries scheduled for consolidation were more than 30 years old and were experiencing high annual repair and maintenance costs. Comparing this with repair and maintenance expenses for automated sites, a net savings from consolidation was evident. An estimated net reduction in operating expense of more than S300.000/yr is anticipated. 

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