Automotive appearance

As of 1 July 1991 all new vehicles registered in Europe should have been adapted for using Eurosuper. However, another quality of unleaded fuel had already appeared in 1988 and has since been well established in some countries, notably France. It is called Superplus, the highest octane level, RON 98, MON 88. Superplus is suitable for vehicles having catalytic converters as well as for a large part of the former automotive fleet requiring an RON of 97 and higher. 

The product is a hquid recommended for flame retarding flexible urethane foams in furniture or automotive seating. It also appears to be useful in polystyrene foam, textile backcoating, and polyester resins. 

Although synthetic lubrication oil production amounts to only about 2% of the total market, volume has been increasing rapidly (67). Growth rates of the order of 20% per year for poly( a-olefin)s, 10% for polybutenes, and 8% for esters (28) reflect increasing automotive use and these increases would accelerate if synthetics were adopted for factory fill of engines by automotive manufacturers. The estimated production of poly( a-olefin)s for lubricants appears to be approximately 100,000 m /yr, esters 75,000, poly(alkylene glycol)s 42,000, polybutenes 38,000, phosphates 20,000, and dialkyl benzene 18,000 (28,67). The higher costs reflected in Table 18 (18,28) have restricted the volume of siUcones, chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluoroalkylpolyethers, and polyphenyl ethers. 

The pelargonic acid by-product is already a useful item of commerce, making the overall process a commercial possibiUty. The 13-carbon polyamides appear to have many of the properties of nylon-11, nylon-12, or nylon-12,12 toughness, moisture resistance, dimensional stabiUty, increased resistance to hydrolysis, moderate melt point, and melt processibiUty. Thus, these nylons could be useful in similar markets, eg, automotive parts, coatings, fibers, or films. Properties for nylon-13,13 are = 56 (7 and = 183 (7 (179). 

Sodium benzoate is also finding increasing appHcation as a corrosion inhibitor. It is incorporated into paper wrapping materials for the prevention of mst or corrosion in the production of such diverse items as razor blades, engine parts, bearings, etc. It is also used in the automotive industry as a corrosion inhibitor in engine cooling systems (at 1.5%), mainly in Europe and Japan. Unlike in its appHcation as a preservative where free benzoic acid is required to provide antimicrobial action, it appears to be the benzoate ion that provides the corrosion protection. 

Some anthraquinone dyes are employed as organic pigments (see Pigments, organic). Examples appear in Figure 1. Indanthrone blue (6) is an important automotive paint pigment as is Cl Pigment Red 177 (7), a bisanthraquinonyl. 

The catalyst companies were encouraged to resume their research activities in automotive catalysis in the late 1960 s as further tightening of automotive emissions standards became imminent, and it appeared that mere engine modifications might be inadequate to meet the new standards. A systems approach was first used upon the formation of the Inter-Industry Emission Control Program by the Ford Motor Company and the Mobil Oil Corporation in 1967, which was joined by a number of oil companies in the U.S. and a number of automobile companies in Italy, Japan, and Western Germany. 

An automotive component supplier manufacturing a fuel delivery system module noticed contamination, appearing as whitish-yellow particles, in one unit. Some initial testing included both FTIR spectroscopy and SEM. However, additional testing was requested in order to independently and more accurately determine the source of the contamination. Preliminary testing indicated that the... 

Transportation applications include exterior automotive body components, non-appearance automotive parts, structural components, plus numerous truck, bus and rail car applications. Unsaturated polyester resins compete on the basis of weight reduction, corrosion resistance and parts consolidation. Thermoplastic resins, however, offer steep competition. 

Ignition by compression is similar to the conditions that generate knock in a spark-ignited automotive engine. Thus it would indeed appear that compression ignition and knock are chain-initiated explosions. Many have established... 

PPE/PA alloys are more heat-resistant allowing in-line paintability. Surface appearance reaches Class A for automotive parts. 

The use of graphitized carbons can impart significant stability to high-voltage excursions and appears suitable for automotive fuel cell use. However, a number of workers have reported fhaf the performance of Pt on these supports is poorer than that found for conventional Pt catalysts. For example. 

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