Connective filaments between

Model of beads (See Fig. 7a and the figure caption). For this model, it is natural to chose one bead as an elementary monomer then, the state of a monomer is completely defined by its co-ordinates, i.e. i = x. Usually, it is assumed that the connecting filaments do not have the orientational memory in this case, the kernel of the operator g depends only on the distance between the monomers... 

Goldman R, Goldman AE, Green K, et al. Intermediate filaments Possible functions as cytoskeletal connecting links between the nucleus and the cell surface. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1985 455 1-17. 

Results presented in Figs. 6 and 7 show the anisotropic nature of the critical current density. But the problem is to determine what connections exist between these measured current densities and the actual values of the critical current density in the filaments. As a preliminary approach, the well-known relation between the critical density, Jc, and the pinning force density, Fp, is... 

The connecting site between the motor neuron and the muscle is called the neuromuscular junction. One motor neuron can have branches to many muscle libers, and these together are called a motor unit. When the nerve impulse reaches the end of the nerve fiber, a neuro-transmitter called acetylcholine is released into the motor end plate of the muscle. This in turn causes the release of Ca ions deep into the muscle fiber. The presence of Ca ions causes cross-bridges to be formed between actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomeres. The actin filaments slide inward along the myosin filaments, causing the muscle fiber to contract. 

This biopolymer acts as a flexible connecting matrix between the tough protein filaments in cartilage and is available as a dietary supplement, often combined with D-glucosamine sulfate. Some believe that the combination can strengthen and improve joint flexibility. 

A key feature of the protein-only hypothesis is that variants should represent distinct structural forms of the prion protein. A direct connection between filament structure and variants was made by Tanaka et al. (2004) using filaments made under different conditions (in this case, 4°C and 37°C). Filaments formed at 4°C were less stable against heating in 1.6% SDS and gave rise mostly to strong [PSI] variants after being transformed... 

The muscle is a highly organized tissue, built up of individual cells known as fibres, which are held together by connective tissue. Each muscle fibre consists of a high number of single strands of myofibrils. The myofibrils are again comprised of myofilaments. The myofilaments are divided into thin and thick filaments, which mainly contain two filamentary proteins, actin and myosin, respectively. The myofibrils occupy approximately 80% of the muscle cell volume, and the majority of the water, which makes up about 75% of the muscle, is located in the spaces between thin and thick filaments. A schematic drawing of muscle structure is shown in Fig. 1. 

Figure 14.4 Different types of glial cells. Astrocytes connect capillaries and neurones. Fibrous astrocytes, with less branching and more filamentous processes, occur mainly in white matter while protoplasmic astrocytes are located principally in the grey matter. Oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath by wrapping themselves around axons. The connection between the myelin sheath and the oligodendrocyte is permanent and provides material for the myelin sheath. Microgliocytes (microglia) are the phagocytes of the nervous system. The ciliated ependymal cells line the cavities of the central nervous system.

These are cells of transition between the basal and superficial cells. They constitute the thickest and biggest layer. They are polygonal cells, with a convex front side and a concave back side. They are arranged on two or three layers at the center and five to six layers on the edge. Their nucleus is active and stretched out along the big axis of the cell. Their cytoplasm contains a very developed Golgi s apparatus as well as tonofilaments (microtubules and keratin filaments) connected to the desmosomes. Their cytoplasmic membranes are only united desmosomes and gap junctions that enable both the unity of intermediate cells and the union of intermediate and basal cells (Figs. 4.3. 5). 

Intermediate filament associated proteins (IFAPs) coordinate interactions between intermediate filaments (IFs) and other cytoskeletal elements and organelles, including membrane-associated junctions such as desmosomes and hemidesmosomes in epithelial cells, costameres in striated muscle, and intercalated discs in cardiac muscle. IFAPs thus serve as critical connecting links in the IF scaffolding that organizes the cytoplasm and confers mechanical stability to cells and tissues. However, in recent years it has become apparent that IFAPs are not limited to structural... 

Kouklis, P. D., Hutton, E., and Fuchs, E. (1994). Making a connection Direct binding between keratin intermediate filaments and desmosomal proteins. /. Biol. Chem. 127, 1049-1060. 

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