Confocal scanning electron microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy together with FISH Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC-PCR)... 

Microscopic techniques, 70 428 Microscopists, role of, 76 467 Microscopy, 76 464-509, See also Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Electron microscopy Light microscopy Microscopes Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) acronyms related to, 76 506-507 atomic force, 76 499-501 atom probe, 76 503 cathodoluminescence, 76 484 confocal, 76 483-484 electron, 76 487-495 in examining trace evidence, 72 99 field emission, 76 503 field ion, 76 503 fluorescence, 76 483 near-held scanning optical,... 

Shooton, D. (ed.) (1993) Electronic Light Microscopy. The Principles and Practice of Video-Enhanced Contrast, Digital Intensified Fluorescence, and Confocal Scanning Light Microscopy. Wiley-Liss, New York. 

Each step of this synthetic procedure was followed by confocal laser and/or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the corresponding photomicrographs are shown in Fig. 11.4. 

Confocal SERS microscopy combined with subsequent local scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is able to deliver valuable optical and chemical information on the location of SERS active spots. The method as to how to retrieve in the electron micrograph the active spots seen in the confocal images is explained. The spots were analyzed with respect to band position and spectral intensity. 

Combining confocal Raman microscopy with scanning electron microscopy, the SERS active spots can be retrieved in the SEM image, if the active sample region has been labeled before investigating. 

Silver and gold nanoparticles were generated electrochemically and investigated with confocal Raman microscopy. The combination of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with confocal microscopy accompanied by subsequent scanning electron microscopy provided an image of the geometrical stmcture of the Raman spots. 

To obtain the fractal dimension of a network of particles, acquiring images of the microstructure is necessary. Many forms of microscopy can be used, including brightfield microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and in the case of fat crystal networks, polarized light microscopy. 

Masters BR, Kino GS. Charge coupled devices for quantitative Nipkow Disk real-time scanning confocal microscopy. In Shotton D, ed. Electron light microscopy The principles and practice of video-enhanced contrast, digital intensified fluorescence, and confocal scanning light microscopy. New York Wiley-Liss, 1993. 

This review covers the formation, composition, structure, function and properties of the acquired pellicle. Specifically, the formation of pellicle is considered in terms of thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. The composition of the pellicle is reviewed in terms of the proteins, carbohydrates and lipids that have been identified using a range of analytical techniques. The ultrastructure of the pellicle is described in some detail from studies involving enamel slabs carried in the mouth, in which the subsequent pellicle was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The function of the pellicle is outlined in terms of its lubrication properties, its ability to act as a semi-permeable membrane and its overall protection of the underlying enamel surfaces. Since pellicle is formed at the interface between the enamel surface and the oral environment, the important process of bacterial attachment to the pellicle surface is described and the specific bacterial binding sites found in the pellicle are summarised. The influence of diet and nutrition on the pellicle layer is considered. The formation of extrinsic stain is discussed in particular, the role that chlorhexidine... 

On the other hand, optical microscopy, confocal microscopy, ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) are the main microscopic methods for imaging the surface structure. There are many good books and reviews on spectroscopic and chemical surface analysis methods and microscopy of surfaces description of the principles and application details of these advanced instrumental methods is beyond the scope of this book. 

Recently, tobramycin (Tob) was chemically prepared via the site-specific conjugation of PEG to form PEGylated-tobramycin (Tob-PEG) furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to confirm the data [14]. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Tob-PEG was found to be very much higher than that of Tob. 

Bourges et al. studied the kinetics of polylactide (PLA) nanoparticle (NP) localization within the intraocular tissues and to evaluate their potential to release encapsulated material. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) showed the flow of the NPs from the site of injection into the vitreous cavity and their rapid settling on the internal limiting membrane. Histology demonstrated the anatomic integrity of the injected eyes and showed no toxic effects. A mild inflammatory cell infiltrate was observed in the ciliary body 6 h after the injection and in the posterior vitreous and retina at 18-24 h. The intensity of inflammation decreased markedly by 48 h. Confocal and fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry showed that a transretinal movement of the NPs was... 

---