Confocal laser scan microscopy

Kapitza H G 1996 Confocal laser scanning microscopy for optical measurement of the microstructure of surfaces and layers Tech. Mess. 63 136-41... 

Schroth D 1997 The confocal laser scanning microscopy. A new tool in materials testing Matehalpruefung 39 264 Chestnut M H 1997 Confocal microscopy of colloids Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sc/. 2 158-61... 

FIG. 7 Confocal laser scanning microscopy image of a fonr-layer polyelectrolyte/CdTe(S) nanocrystal shell assembled on 1.5-p,m-diameter ME particles. The polyelectrolyte film consists of two bUayers of PAH and PSS. (From Ref. 76.)... 

J. Bloem, M. Veningra, and J. Shepherd, Fully automatic determination of soil bacterium numbers, cell volumes, and frequencies of dividing cells by confocal laser-scanning microscopy and image-analysis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 926... 

Takami S., Getchell M. and Getchell T. (1995). Resolution of sensory and mucoid glycoconjugates with terminal O-galactose residues in the mucomicrovillar complex of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium by dual confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Cell Tiss Res 280, 211-216. 

CLSM Confocal laser scanning microscopy (see LSCM)... 

Lacerda, L. et al. (2007) Intracellular trafficking of carbon nanotubes by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Advanced Materials, 19 (11),... 

Homeffer V, Forsmann A, Strupat K et al (2001) Localization of analyte molecules in MALDI preparations by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Anal Chem 73 1016-1022... 

Azuma, H., Otagiri, M., Effects of absorption enhancers on the transport of model compounds in Caco-2 cell monolayers assessment by confocal laser scanning microscopy, J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86, 779-785. 

Baschong W, Suetterlin R, Laeng RH. Control of autofluorescence of archival formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue in confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)./. Histochem. Cytochem. 2001 49 1565-1571. 

Fig. 13 Uptake of OVA-encapsulating y-PGA-Phe nanoparticles by DCs. DCs were incubated with Texas Red-labeled OVA (TR-OVA) alone (a) or TR-OVA encapsulated within fluorescein-labeled nanoparticles (TR-OVA/FITC-NPs) (b). The intracellular localization of OVA (red) and NPs (green) was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy...

Akagi et al. demonstrated the use of nanoparticles composed of amphiphilic poly (amino acid) derivatives as vaccine delivery and adjuvants [62, 102-104]. To evaluate the uptake of OVA encapsulated within y-PGA-Phe nanoparticles (OVA-NPs) by DCs, murine bone marrow-derived DCs were incubated with 250 nm-sized OVA-NPs for 30 min at 37 °C. The cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). OVA-NPs were efficiently taken up into DCs, whereas the uptake of OVA alone was barely detectable at the same concentration of OVA (Fig. 13). OVA-NPs were more efficiently taken up than OVA alone by DCs, and the uptake of OVA-NPs was inhibited at 4 °C. These results suggest that OVA-NPs were phagocytosed mainly via endocytosis by the DCs. In the case of OVA alone, an approximately 30-fold... 

Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy together with FISH Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC-PCR)... 

Sole A, Gaju N, Esteve I (2003) The biomass dynamics of cyanobacteria in an annual cycle determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scanning 25 1-7... 

Structural variations may be also produced at the microscopical scale and are able to produce significant improvements in our understanding of stressor effects. Observation of the biofilm architecture and characterisation of the different fractions (i.e. algae, bacteria, mucopolysaccharides) may be useful to identify particular effects of toxicants to selective components of the biofilm. The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy remains promising [25]. 

Sheppard C, Shottan, D. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1997. 

Quader H. Formation and disintegration of cistemae of the endoplasmic reticulum visuahsed in hve cells by conventional fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy evidence for the involvement of Ca2+ and the cytoskeleton. Protoplasma 1990 155 166-175. 

Hutler P, Fischbach R, Heller W, Jungblut TP, Reuber S, Schmitz R, Veit M, WeissenbockG, Schnitzler J-P. Tissue localisation of phenolic compounds in plants by confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Exp Bot 1998 49 953-965. 

Imbert D, Cullander C (1997) Assessment of cornea viability by confocal laser scanning microscopy and MTT assay. Cornea 16 666-674... 

Frequently, histopathological examinations of tissues reveal invaluable information on their toxicities [11], The ability to screen various formulations quickly for both ciliotoxicity and other forms of epithelial toxicities is a strong positive attribute of the ex vivo models. Furthermore, advanced techniques such as confocal laser scanning microscopy can be used to study the drug permeation pathways of these tissues [12],... 

Special emphasis is placed on the carbohydrate-mediated cell - target system interaction by describing hints and pitfalls of assays for cytoadhesion, specificity, cytoinvasion, and cytoevasion. In addition, basic considerations are presented to discriminate between active and passive uptake as well as to detect lysosomal accumulation. Finally, the pros and cons of two useful analytical techniques, namely, flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, are described in detail. 

Keywords Cytoadhesion Cytoinvasion Lectin Confocal laser scanning microscopy Flow cytometry Uptake... 

Intracellular Localization by Means of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy... 

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in conjunction with specific staining techniques is best suited to elucidate intracellular trafficking and localization. CLSM is a specific epifluorescence microscopical technique capable of optical cross-sectioning with a spatial resolution of 1 /urn and below [41, 42],... 

Rothen-Rutishauser, B., Braun, A., Gunthert, M., and Wunderli-Allenspach, H., Formation of multilayers in the Caco-2 cell culture model a confocal laser scanning microscopy study, Pharm. Res., 17, 460, 2000. 

Figure 3 Binding and internalization of different liposomal formulations by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BmDQ from mice. BmDC were incubated for one hour with liposomes at 37 C and liposome uptake was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

We thank Dr. Jerome and Dr. Nahde for helping with the cell culture and animal experiments and Dr. Merdan for the confocal laser scanning microscopy experiments. We would also like to thank vectron therapeutics... 

Ono M, Murakami T, Kudo A, Isshiki M, Sawada H, Segawa A. Quantitative comparison of anti-fading mounting media for confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Histochem Cytochem 2001 49(3) 305-312. 

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