Conductive polyaniline

Y Cao, P Smith, and AJ Heeger, Counter-ion induced processability of conducting polyaniline and of conducting polyblends of polyaniline in bulk polymers, Synth. Met., 48 91-97, 1992. 

Jung JW, Lee JU, Jo WH (2009) High-efficiency polymer solar cells with water-soluble and self-doped conducting polyaniline graft copolymer as hole transport layer. J Phys Chem C 114 633... 

Rumbau V, Marcilla R, Ochoteco E, Pomposo JA, Mecerreyes D (2006) Ionic liquid immobilized enzyme for biocatalytic synthesis of conducting polyaniline. Macromolecules 39(25) 8547-8549... 

Wu, C.-G., and Bein, T., Conducting polyaniline filaments in a mesoporous channel host. Science 264,1757 (1994). 

Hu X, Tang K, Liu SG, Zhang YY, Zou GL (2005) Hemoglobin-biocatalysts synthesis of a conducting polyaniline. React Funct Polym 65 239-248... 

Cholli AL, Thiyagarajan M, Kumar J et al (2005) Biocatalytic approaches for synthesis of conducting polyaniline nanoparticles. Pure Appl Chem 77 339-344... 

Cruz-Silva R, Romero-Garcia J, Angulo-Sanchez JL et al (2005) Template-free enzymatic synthesis of electrically conducting polyaniline using soybean peroxidase. Eur Polym J 41 1129-1135... 

Thiyagarajan M, Samuelson LA, Kumar J et al (2003) Helical conformational specificity of enzymatically synthesized water-soluble conducting polyaniline nanocomposites. J Am Chem Soc 125 11502-11503... 

Title Use of Sulphonic, Phosphonic and Phosphoric Acids as Dopants for Polyaniline and for Conductive Polyaniline-Based Composite Materials... 

Blanchet-Fincher [4] determined that when carbon nanotubes were dispersed in a conductive polyaniline matrix, fewer nanotubes were needed to increase electrical conductivity. 

The influence of reaction conditions on the electrochemical oxidation of anilines and 7V-alkylanilines is shown in Table 1 [74], It has been proposed that electrochemical formation of the conducting polyaniline polymers occurs via the formation of p-aminodiphenylamine [31, 75-77],... 

The synthesis of self-doped conducting polyaniline was achieved by sulfonation of the aromatic units with fuming sulfuric acid. The sulfonated polyaniline has a conductivity of 0.1 S/cm, which is independent of pH [191]. 

All of the above applications of ICPs have significant commercial potential. However, in most cases, this has not been exploited due to the lack of convenient polymer processing and device fabrication protocols. For example, while polypyrroles exhibit the desirable properties mentioned above, polymerisation usually results in the formation of an insoluble, infusible material not amenable to subsequent fabrication. Conducting polyaniline and polythiophene salts are similarly intractable. Several approaches have recently been employed to overcome this problem of intractability. 

FIGURE 9.2. Schematic structure of a bilayer device with conducting polyaniline network electrode. 

C.G. Wu and T. Bein, Conducting Polyaniline Filaments in a Mesoporous Channel Host. Science, 1994, 264, 1757-1759. 

Chaubey, A., Pande, K.K., Singh, V.S., and Malhotra, B.D. (2000) Coimmobilization of lactate oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase on conducting polyaniline films. Analytica Chimica Acta, 407 (1-2), 97-103. 

The chain ends of the star polymers can be functionalized. So it is possible to link these sites and form networks or gels of stars. Depending on the chemical nature of the chain end, the crosslinking can be permanent or stimuli-switchable. Patrick-ios et al. [105] have prepared crosslinked double hydrophilic star copolymers made from methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethyleneglycol methacrylate) (PEGMA). Meyer et al. [106] synthesized photocrosslinkable PMAA stars, which could serve as well-defined model polyelectrolyte networks. The polyelectrolyte stars can also be used as template for some nanomaterials. Want et al. [107] prepared strong anionic polyelectrolyte stars by sulfonation of the PS stars. They were used as the template for the preparation of conducting polyaniline. 

Bissell R A, Cordova E, Kaifer A E and Stoddart J F 1994 A chemically and electrochemically switchable molecular shuttle Nature 369 133-7 Wu C G and Bein T 1994 Conducting polyaniline filaments in a mesoporous channel host Science 264 1757-9... 

More recently, polymers soluble in the doped (i.e. conducting) state have been prepared by the use of appropriately functionalized dopants. For example, it was demonstrated that acid-base doping (protonation) of polyemeraldine base with sulphonic acids [9] or phosphoric acid diesters [10] results in the fabrication of soluble conducting polyaniline. 

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