Conditioner design

Pad wear (cut) rate, which can be defined as the pad thickness loss over a period of continuous conditioning. It characterizes the abrasiveness, or aggressiveness, of the conditioner. 

Pad refreshing (dressing) rate, defined as the time taken by a conditioner to change the friction level of a glazed pad to the friction level of a conditioned (unglazed) pad. It characterizes the effectiveness of the conditioner. 

FIGURE 4.19 Graph of pad friction versus conditioning time (from Ref. 26). 

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Figure 2.17 The duMond-Hart-Bartels four crystal (+n, -n, -n, +n) beam conditioner design...

A number of design parameters can impact conditioner performance [23,33—35]. Typically, diamond size [32,34,36—38], shape [39], density [40], and exposure [25,41—43] will determine the conditioning characteristics in CMP. Table 13.1 summarizes parameters considered in disc design. Ohi [26], in his discussion of trends and developments of diamond CMP pad conditioners, suggests selecting conditioner design based on the CMP pad type and the wafer size because requirements for the performance of CMP conditioners have diversified. 

L. Borucki, H. Lee, Y. Zhuang, N. Nikita, R. Kikuma, A. Philipossian, Theoretical and experimental investigation of conditioner design factors on tribology and removal rate in copper chemical mechanical planarization, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 48 (2009) 115502. 

L.J. Borucki, N. Rikita, Y. Zhuang, H. Lee, R. Zhuang, T. Yamishita, R. Kikuma, A. Phihpossian, Causal analysis of conditioner design factors on removal rates in copper CMP, in 11th International CMP-mic Conference. Fremonf California, 2006. 

The Endevco is a 16-channel power supply and piezoelectric signal conditioner designed to accept inputs from ISOTRON or other piezoelectric transducers and remote charge converters ... 

Tissue Conditioners. Tissue conditioners are gels designed to alleviate the discomfort from soft-tissue injury, eg, extractions. Under a load, they exhibit viscous flow, forming a soft cushion between the hard denture and the oral tissues. The polymer in tissue conditioners is often the same as that used for resilient liners. The liquid is a plasticizer containing an alcohol of low volatility (219,220). 

SUVA 9000 (R-407C) HCFC-22 An equivalent pressure replacement for HCFC-22 with 0 ozone depletion potential for use in commercial and residential air conditioners and heat pumps. Suva 9000 provides the closest match to HCFC-22 performance in existing HCFC equipment design. 

Control of the indoor cooled condition will be by thermostat in the return airstream, and thus based on room dry bulb temperature. The resulting humidity level will depend on coil characteristics and air flow. Packaged air-conditioners for tropical applications commonly have a design coil sensible/total ratio in the order of 0.7 with entering air at 50% saturation, and will give indoor conditions nearer 45% saturation if used in temperature climates with less latent load (see Chapter 35). 

A further complication arises with the application to temperate conditions of room air-conditioners which have heen designed primarily for tropical markets. These units typically work with a sensible/total heat ratio of 0.7. Plotting this process line on the psychrometric chart (see Figure 35.3) shows that the ADP will he about 9°C. 

Superior water conditioners. These are tubular-shaped devices that employ permanent magnets (no electrical connection). The devices are designed with a cobalt-content alloy core, arranged so that water flows around the magnetic core and perpendicular to the magnetic fields. 

An installer may even inadvertently toss away warranty information that comes with a piece of equipment. In one such case, an air conditioner broke down less than one year after installation. It took phone calls to the designer, the general contractor, and the sub-contractor to get matters straightened out. Meanwhile, the July weather was getting hotter by the day. 

Lowenstein, A.I., andGabruk, R.S., 1992. The effect of absorber design on the performance of a liquid-desiccant air conditioner, ASHRAE Transactions Symposia, pp. 712-720. 

The cell and stacks that compose the power section have been discussed extensively in the previous sections of this handbook. Section 9.1 addresses system processes such as fuel processors, rejected heat utilization, the power conditioner, and equipment performance guidelines. System optimization issues are addressed in Section 9.2. System design examples for present day and future applications are presented in Sections 9.3 and 9.4 respectively. Section 9.5 discusses research and development areas that are required for the future system designs to be developed. Section 9.5 presents some advanced fuel cell network designs, and Section 9.6 introduces hybrid systems that combine fuel cells with other generating technologies in integrated systems. 

Many types of beam conditioners have been designed, since the original double-ciystal experiments of Ehrenberg, Ewald and Mark in the early 1920s. These... 

The complexity of the geometry usually necessitates numerical analysis by ray tracing in order to design such beam conditioners and to predict their aberrations. The design principles are straightforward ... 

In Table II, a former oil burning boiler that was converted to burning low sulfur coal could not meet particulate compliance levels. To continue to operate, the utility was forced to derate from 650 Mw to 440 Mw. The LPA flue gas conditioner, however, allowed operation at 582 Mw, well within particulate compliance levels. (LPA and LAC are product series designations of Apollo Chemical Corp.)... 

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