Concentrate processing production areas

For the Equipment Safety Subindex the process plant area is divided into two different areas, which have different safety properties. The onsite area is the area where the raw materials are converted into the products. This is referred as the inside battery limits area (ISBL). This area is characterized by large number of equipment and piping located in a concentrated way in a small area. The rest of the plant is referred as the offsite or outside battery limits area (OSBL). The offsite area is characterized by large inventories of fluids, which are often flammable and/or toxic. The number of equipment in OSBL area is smaller but their size larger than in the ISBL area. The layout is much more scattered in OSBL than in ISBL which is to enhance safety. 

The latest projects to eliminate the production of waste treatment sludges were undertaken in the wet process metal plating production area. The projects, completed in March 1989, involved the installation of separate cadmium, chrome, copper and nickel recovery systems. All of the recovery systems utilized redundant conventional ion exchange columns for initial metal waste recovery and concentration. 

When the final juice product is a concentrate, the clear filtered or cleaned cloudy juices are automatically subjected to heat treatment during the course of their concentration. (Figure 3.7 provides on overview of the concentration process.) Heat treatment of juices is an area where the design of process requires careful consideration in order to avoid any detrimental effects on flavour and appearance of the product. Early evaporators had demonstrated that high-vacuum-low-temperature processing produced concentrate of good flavour quality, but it was soon discovered that there was a drawback in that the heat treatment was insufficient to deactivate pectin methylesterase, which gave rise... 

The major point source of release to surface waters is from the effluents of waste water treatment plants (Barica 1990 Crumpton and Isenhart 1988 Wilkin and Flemal 1980). Ammonia can enter surface waters through the effluent of commercial processes in which ammonia is used or produced (Effier et al. 2001 Huddleston et al. 2000 Matthews et al. 2000 Roy and Poricha 1982). Runoff from fertilized farmland and from areas of concentrated livestock production can also result in the transfer of ammonia to surface... 

This book covers several of the emerging areas of separations in biotechnology and is not intended to be a comprehensive handbook. It includes recent advances and latest developments in techniques and operations used for bioproduct recovery in biotechnology and applied to fermentation systems as well as mathematical analysis and modeling of such operations. The topics have been arranged in three sections beginning with product release from the cell and recovery from the bioreactor. This section is followed by one on broader separation and concentration processes, and the final section is on purification operations. The operations covered in these last two sections can be used at a number of different stages in the downstream process. 

The principal advantages of this type of cyclic system with transient operating techniques are apparent in bioprocesses whose maximum productivity is in a transient region. The products of secondary metabolism (Pirt, 1974) are a typical example of this group of processes. Another group consists of processes whose optimal operation requires an optimal substrate concentration— biomass production with bakers yeast, for example (Aiba et al., 1976)—or where the process is subject to substrate inhibition. An important area of application for this is in biological waste water purification. These periodic modes of operation generally show increased productivity. More systematic and detailed study is needed in this area. 

Different verification systems are appropriate for different manufacturing processes. For a continuous process, the main checks are on the supply of materials and the operation of the machinery such that the product is of a uniform quality. There is only a limited workmanship aspect once the process has been set up and is running, Conversely for single products there is likely to be a large element of workmanship and hence control will be concentrated in this area. 

This theoretical study is focused on the process combination of a distillation column and a pervaporation unit located in the side stream of the column. This hybrid membrane process can be applied for the separation of azeotropic mixtures such as acetone, isopropanol and water. Water is removed from the side stream of the column by pervaporation, while pure acetone and isopropanol are obtained at the top and bottom of the column. Detailed simulation studies show the influence of decisive structural parameters like side stream rate and recycle position as well as operational parameters like reflux ratio and mass flow on concentration profiles, membrane area and product compositions. 

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