Compounds Containing Halogen Atoms

Several of these products have been structurally characterised by single crystal diffraction methods. 

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For compounds containing halogen atoms simply count the halogen atoms as hydrogen atoms. 

Organic compounds containing halogen atoms attached to the nitrogen. A large number of such compounds were prepd by treating amines with1 hypochlorites. Some of these compounds are explosive ... 

Dichlorofluoromethyl)trimethylsilane and trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane react (under the conditions of nucleophilic catalysis by fluoride ions) with compounds containing halogen atoms at C = N or N = groups, e.g. formation of 6 and 7. Such halogen atoms can be easily substituted by dichlorofluoromcthyl or trifluoromethyl groups. 

A variety of halo acyl halides have been made by use of the above reagents. Table 61 includes examples of compounds containing halogen atoms in alpha, beta, gamma, and delta positions of an aliphatic carbon chain as well as on the aromatic nucleus. All four halogen elements are represented. 

Detection of halogens. Very few organic compounds contain halogen atoms which form halide ions in aqueous solutions and so can be detected by the addition of silver ion. It is necessary, therefore, to convert the organic halogen to a metallic halide by fusion with metallic sodium or calcium oxide. By such decomposition nitrogen and sulfur, if present, form ions which can be detected by the usual methods of qualitative inorganic analysis. 

The reactions of sodium atoms with compounds containing halogen atoms were the first series of bimolecular transfer reactions to be studied quantitatively in the gas phase. Polanyi and co-workers [144] developed two methods for measuring the rates of these reactions (i) the dilute... 

Halogen Compounds A class of organic compounds containing halogen atoms such as chlorine. A simple example is halocarbons but many other subelasses with various functional groups and of different molecular structure exist as well. 

Compounds containing halogen atoms directly joined to triply bonded carbon (haloalkynes) are formed either by (1) reaction between molecular halogen and a metallic derivative of the alkyne. 

The most powerful reagents for extinguishing fires are called halons, because they are organic compounds containing halogen atoms. These compounds are generally either CFCs or BFCs (bro-mofluorocarbons). Here are just two examples of halons that have been extensively used as fire suppression agents ... 

Bromine and chlorine convert the 1- and 2-butenes to compounds containing two atoms of halogens attached to adjacent carbons (vicinal dihahdes). Iodine fails to react. In this two-step addition mechanism the first step involves the formation of a cation. The halonium ion formed (a three-membered ring) requires antiaddition by the anion. 

The names of organic compounds are based on the names of the parent hydrocarbons alcohols contain —OH groups, carboxylic acids contain —COOH groups, and haloalkanes contain halogen atoms. 

Compounds XXI were characterized as stable tetraphenylboratc salts, which are thought to be a type of stibonium that contains Fe—Sb compounds containing halogen groups bonded to the antimony atom were prepared recently by the reaction of [Cp(CO)2Fe3i or Cp(CO)2FeNa with SbX3 (58, 59). 

Scientists at Ciba-Geigy synthesized a series of polyhalogenated corticosteroids, and one compound in the series containing halogen atoms at three positions -halobetasol propionate - was selected for further evaluation [41,42]. 

The halogen exchange takes place intramolecularly [ 134. Explanation of this reaction is difficult because it is unique in compounds containing halogens and at least two fluorine atoms. Maybe this rearrangement takes place because fluorine atoms like each other. 

Aikyl hnlicies are compounds containing halogen bonded to a saturated. sy -h,vl>ndiz< fl carbon atom. The C-X bond is polar, and alkyl halides can therefore behave as electrophiles. 

Organoantimony(III) and -bismuth(III) compounds containing electronegative atoms such as halogen, oxygen and so on show Lewis acidic character. Thus, tetracoordinate anions and even pentacoordinate dianions have been prepared from the corresponding halides or pseudohalides, and several of the compounds have recently been fully characterized by X-ray crystallography. Several examples are shown in equations 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 and 169 ... 

As we havi Just seen, addition of chlorine or bromine in the presence of water can yield compounds containing halogen and hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms. These compounds are commonly referred to as halohydrins. Under proper conditions, they can be made the major products. For example ... 

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